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Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

NCERT Exercise

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Q1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

Answer : Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century:
(i) Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.
(ii) Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chillies were first exported from the Americas to Europe then Asia.

Q2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Answer : 

(i) The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them.

(ii) The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the Native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it.

(iii) These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but
diseases could not be fought against.

Q3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

Answer: (a) i) When corn Laws were Scraped in Britain, import of food items began. This imported food was cheaper than what was produced there 

ii) This led to land remaining uncultivated and increased unemployment in Britain people began to migrate out of Britain.

(b) i) The cattle  plague or the rinderpest was a disease   spread by the Asian cattles taken to Africa by its European Colonisrs. The  disease infected the African cattle and within no time thousands of the  African cattle died. This destroyed the African economic system which was based upon cattle and land.

2) Thus, unemployed African people were forced to work on European plantations to work on European plantations and mines. In this way, African was colonised.

(c) i) The death of men of working age in Europe because of the world war reduced the able- bodied workforce in Europe. 

(2) With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.

(d) (1) Indian economic conditions worsened due to the great depression.

(2) Peasants and farmers incurred heavy losses as price of raw materials fell due to lesser export of it.

(3) They also come under heavy debts.

(4) On the other hand, urban Indian dwellers were least hit by the Depression, because they had enough money to survive the economic slump.

(e) (1) The world,s economic geography changed when the MNCs decided to relocate production operation to Asian countries.

(2) It was done because Asian countries, like  china, offered low were labour in abundance. 

Q4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Answer: (1) Technology, in the form of improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.

(2) Earlier, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. Meat was hence an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor.

  Then came a new technology namely refrigerated ships, which enable the transport of perishable foods over long distances.

(3) Now, animals were slaughtered for food and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.

(4) To the Earlier monotony of bread and potatoes many, though not all, could now add meat to their diet.

(5) Better living conditions promoted social peace wiothin the country and support and support bfor imperialism abroad.

Q5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

Answer: (1) The Breeton Woods Agreement is a framework that was drawn up by the industrial countries to recover the consolidate the economies in the post- war era.

(2) Its main objective was to establish economic stability in the world.

Discuss: 

Q6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.

Answer: Hello XYZ

Here, in the Caribbean, the situation is very much different from what I was told before my departure from India. There is no boarding, living eating or medical facilities.

        I have to live at the farm only. The work load is more than my capacity. Daily targets of the work could not be matched. On falling short at output or making any mistake, I have to undergo penalty, sometimes severe punishments. My life has become miserable. I was better at home. I would like to return home as my contract expires.

                                                               Your ABC

Q7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic
exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Answer:  (1) Flow of Trade- This largely included trade in goods like cloth, wheat, etc. among the countries. In the ninteenth century, Europe emerged  as the new centre of trade.

(2) Flow of Labour: The ninteenth century also saw a high rate of migration of people in search of Job. Large number of people from Europe migrated to America. 

(3) Flow of Capital- Also the ninteenth century, saw the movement of capital short term or long term or long term investments over long distances. European traders  invested money in newly discovered lands and also in Asia to trap the maximum benefits.  
Q8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Answer: (1) The Great Depression began in aropund 1929 and lasted till mid 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced catestrophic declines, in production, employed, income and trade. In general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.

(2) (i) Post war economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural production was a problem. This was made worse by falling agricultural prices. As prices, slumped, agricultural income declined, farmers tried to expand production to maintain their overall income. 

(ii) Many countries financed loans from the US. Now US overseas landers panicked at the sign of financial crisis.

(iii) American capitalists stopped all loans to the European countries, thus, halting all production there.

(iv) Thousands of banks were bankrupt and were forced to close. Factories closed down leading to unemployment. 

Q9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Answer: (1) (i) G-77 is a group of developing countries who work together to achieve New International Economic order (NIEO).

(ii) The unsatisfactory services of IMF and the World Bank (the Breeton Woods twins) to the newly independent countries led to the emergence of G-77.

(2) (i) After their independence, poor countries were offered financial aid by the Bretton Woods twins. At the same, their natural resources were also controlled by the "twins" in the counter of investments made.

(ii) Thus, the developing countries who wished to develop on the lines of developed countries who wished to develop on the lines of developed industrial countries, did not find it easy to cope up with conditions put forward by Breeton Woods "twins".

  Hence, there occured a reaction and G-77 came into existance. 

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Important Questions with Answers

Class 10 SST History Chapter 3 – The Making of a Global World

MCQ Questions and Answers

Q1. What were the Silk Routes?
A. Modern railway routes
B. Ancient trade routes connecting Asia, Europe and North Africa
C. Sea routes used by the British
D. Military routes in Europe
Answer: B. Ancient trade routes connecting Asia, Europe and North Africa

Q2. Which crop travelled from America to Europe and Asia?
A. Rice
B. Wheat
C. Potato
D. Tea
Answer: C. Potato

Q3. Which country controlled much of the global trade in the 19th century?
A. Germany
B. Britain
C. France
D. Italy
Answer: B. Britain

Q4. What were the Corn Laws?
A. Laws controlling factory production
B. Laws restricting the import of food grains
C. Laws related to railway construction
D. Laws about colonial taxation
Answer: B. Laws restricting the import of food grains

Q5. In which year were the Corn Laws abolished?
A. 1846
B. 1857
C. 1820
D. 1870
Answer: A. 1846

Q6. What made transportation faster in the 19th century?
A. Bullock carts
B. Steamships and railways
C. Horse carts
D. Wooden ships
Answer: B. Steamships and railways

Q7. What was indentured labour?
A. Workers hired permanently
B. Workers working under a contract for a fixed period
C. Government employees
D. Soldiers in the army
Answer: B. Workers working under a contract for a fixed period

Q8. Which continent supplied indentured labour to plantations?
A. Asia
B. Europe
C. Australia
D. Antarctica
Answer: A. Asia

Q9. Which event began in 1929 and affected the world economy?
A. First World War
B. Second World War
C. The Great Depression
D. Industrial Revolution
Answer: C. The Great Depression

Q10. Which country was most affected by the Great Depression first?
A. Britain
B. United States
C. India
D. Germany
Answer: B. United States

Q11. What happened to agricultural prices during the Great Depression?
A. They increased greatly
B. They remained stable
C. They fell sharply
D. They stopped completely
Answer: C. They fell sharply

Q12. Which war disrupted global trade in the early 20th century?
A. First World War
B. Second World War
C. Cold War
D. Crimean War
Answer: A. First World War

Q13. What was the main aim of colonial trade?
A. To promote education
B. To supply raw materials to European industries
C. To build railways
D. To promote culture
Answer: B. To supply raw materials to European industries

Q14. Which technology helped transport perishable food?
A. Refrigerated ships
B. Wooden ships
C. Bullock carts
D. Horse wagons
Answer: A. Refrigerated ships

Q15. Which continent became a major destination for European migrants?
A. Africa
B. America
C. Asia
D. Antarctica
Answer: B. America

Q16. What does globalisation mean?
A. Isolation of countries
B. Increasing connections among countries
C. Ending international trade
D. Limiting migration
Answer: B. Increasing connections among countries

Q17. Which goods were mainly exported from colonies?
A. Machines
B. Raw materials
C. Cars
D. Computers
Answer: B. Raw materials

Q18. What was a major reason for migration in the 19th century?
A. Tourism
B. Search for jobs and better living conditions
C. Military service
D. Education
Answer: B. Search for jobs and better living conditions

Q19. What helped spread culture and ideas across regions?
A. Trade routes
B. Mountains
C. Forests
D. Rivers
Answer: A. Trade routes

Q20. What is the main feature of the modern global economy?
A. Isolation of nations
B. Interdependence of countries
C. No international trade
D. Closed economies
Answer: B. Interdependence of countries

Very Short Questions and Answers

Q1. What were the Silk Routes?
Answer: The Silk Routes were ancient trade routes that connected Asia with Europe and North Africa and were used for trade in silk, spices and other goods.

Q2. What is meant by globalisation?
Answer: Globalisation means the increasing economic and cultural connections among different countries of the world.

Q3. What was the role of food in global trade?
Answer: Food items like wheat, maize and potatoes travelled across continents and became an important part of global trade.

Q4. What was the Corn Law?
Answer: The Corn Laws were trade restrictions imposed by the British government on the import of food grains.

Q5. Why were the Corn Laws abolished?
Answer: They were abolished because industrialists and urban residents demanded cheaper food and lower food prices.

Q6. What was the impact of railways and steamships on trade?
Answer: Railways and steamships made transportation faster and cheaper, which increased global trade.

Q7. What is meant by indentured labour?
Answer: Indentured labour was a system in which workers were hired under a contract to work for a specific period in plantations or mines.

Q8. Name one major effect of the First World War on the global economy.
Answer: The First World War disrupted international trade and caused major economic instability.

Q9. What was the Great Depression?
Answer: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic crisis that began in 1929 and led to unemployment and decline in trade.

Q10. What was the main impact of the Great Depression on agriculture?
Answer: Agricultural prices fell sharply, causing heavy losses to farmers.

NCERT HOT and Important Questions with Answers

Q1. What were the main features of the pre-modern world trade?

1. Before the 19th century, trade connected Asia, Europe and Africa.
2. Goods like spices, silk and textiles were traded across continents.
3. The Silk Routes linked different parts of the world.
4. People, culture, ideas and diseases also spread through trade routes.
5. These exchanges created early forms of global connections.

Q2. Explain the importance of the Silk Routes in world history.

1. The Silk Routes were ancient trade routes linking Asia, Europe and North Africa.
2. They were used for trade in silk, spices, textiles and precious goods.
3. Ideas, religions and cultural traditions spread along these routes.
4. Technologies and scientific knowledge also travelled through these networks.
5. They played an important role in connecting different civilizations.

Q3. How did the discovery of America affect world trade?

1. The discovery of America created new trade routes across the Atlantic Ocean.
2. Europeans started large-scale trade with the American continent.
3. Precious metals like silver and gold were brought to Europe.
4. Plantation agriculture developed in the Americas.
5. This greatly expanded global trade networks.

Q4. What role did technology play in expanding global trade in the 19th century?

1. The invention of steamships and railways improved transportation.
2. Transport became faster and cheaper.
3. The development of telegraph communication improved global connections.
4. Refrigerated ships allowed transport of perishable goods.
5. These innovations increased global trade and economic integration.

Q5. Explain the effects of colonialism on global trade.

1. European powers established colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas.
2. Colonies supplied raw materials to European industries.
3. Colonial markets were used to sell manufactured goods.
4. This created economic dependence of colonies on Europe.
5. Colonial rule greatly expanded global trade networks.

Q6. Why did many Europeans migrate to America and other colonies in the 19th century?

1. Europe faced population growth and unemployment.
2. Many people migrated in search of better job opportunities.
3. Cheap land was available in America and other colonies.
4. Migration offered chances for higher wages and better living conditions.
5. This movement of people increased global connections.

Q7. What was the impact of the Great Depression of 1929 on the world economy?

1. The Great Depression caused a major decline in global trade.
2. Many banks and industries collapsed.
3. Unemployment increased across many countries.
4. Agricultural prices fell sharply.
5. The crisis affected economies worldwide.

Q8. How did the First World War affect the global economy?

1. The war disrupted international trade and economic stability.
2. European countries faced heavy financial losses.
3. The United States emerged as a major economic power.
4. Colonies were forced to supply soldiers and resources.
5. The global economy became unstable after the war.

Q9. How did globalisation develop in the late 20th century?

1. Advances in transport and communication technology improved connections.
2. International trade increased rapidly.
3. Multinational companies expanded across the world.
4. Countries became more economically interdependent.
5. This process strengthened globalisation.

Q10. Why is the history of globalisation important to understand the modern world?

1. It explains how countries became economically connected.
2. It shows the growth of international trade and migration.
3. It helps understand global economic crises.
4. It explains the development of modern industries and markets.
5. It helps us understand the interconnected nature of the modern world.