Chapter 3. The Delhi Sultans History class 7 exercise Additional Exercise
Chapter 3. The Delhi Sultans History class 7 exercise Additional Exercise ncert book solution in english-medium
NCERT Books Subjects for class 7th Hindi Medium
Chapter Review
Chapter - Review:
-
Tomars: Early 12th century 1165.
-
Inscriptions, coins and architecture provide a lot of information.
- Further valuable sources are ‘histories’, Tarikh (singular)/tawarikh (plural), written in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans.
- The authors of tawarikh were learned men; secretaries administrators, poets and courtiers who both recounted events and advised rulers on governance, emphasizing the importance of the just rule.
- In the early 13th century the control of the Delhi Sultans rarely went beyond heavily fortified towns occupied by garrisons.
- Delhi’s authority was challenged by Mongols and by governors who rebelled at any sign of the Sultan’s weakness.
- The expansion of Delhi Sultanate took place under the reign of Balban, Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad- Bin-Tughlaq.
- To have reliable governors the early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish’ favoured their special slaves purchased for military service called ‘Bandage’ in Persian.
- The Khiljis and Tughluqs continued to use Bandage and also raised people of humble birth, who were their clients, to high positions like governors and generals.
- The Khiljis and Tughluqs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes.
- These lands were called iqta and their holder was called muqti or iqtadar. The duty of muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.
- In return, muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. They also paid their soldiers from this revenue.
- Under Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad, Tughluq accountants were appointed to check the amount collected by the muqtis.
- As Delhi Sultans brought the hinterland of the cities under their control, they forced the samants and the rich landlords to accept their authority.
- The attack of Mongols under Genghis Khan forced Khiljis and Tughluqs to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi.
- The Tughluq, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526.
- By then Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and entire South India had Independent rulers who had established flourishing states and prosperous capitals.
- New ruling dynasties like the Afghans and Rajputs also arose during the period.
- In 1526, Mughals established their empire.
- Sher Shah Suri challenged and defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun. He captured Delhi and established his own dynasty. Although, he ruled for only fourteen years (1540-1555) but his administration became the model followed by the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605), when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.
NCERT Exercise
Exercise - Question:
Que: Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Ans: Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomar Rajput.
Que: What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?
Ans: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Perisan.
Que: In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Ans: Under the regions of Alaudin Khalji and Muhammad Tughlaq the Sultanate reached its farthest extent.
Que: From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?
Ans: Ibn Battuta travelled to India from the Morcoo, Africa.
Que: According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?
Ans: Military commanders provided protection and secure the peasants who could pay taxes only only if they were prosperous and happy and taxes resulted in sallaries of military commanders. This shows that both peasants and commanders were interdependent on each other.
Que: What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?
Ans:
(i) The "internal" frontiers meant the himterlands and the garrison towns. Often these places lied in closes neighboorhood of the capital ciry of delhi.
(ii) The "external" frontiers meant the areas that lied far away from Delhi, i.e., South India.
Que: What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?
Ans:
(i) Their office was not made hereditary.
(ii) They were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being transferred.
(iii) Accountants were appointed tocheck the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis.
(iv) It was chacked that muqti collected only those taxes which was presccribed by the state.
Because they controlled money and military resources and were capale of rebelling against Sultans.
Que: What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?
Ans:
(i) It led to military and market reforms under Alaudin Khalji.
(ii) A vast standing army was established under Alaudin Khalji and Muhamad Tuglaq to confort Mongol forces.
(iii) The areas laying in north-west frontier from where Mongols invaled saw building of garrison towns and numerous strategic forts.
(iv) The revenue was increased upto 50% of the produce.
(v) Soldiers were paid cash salaries instead of iqatas or land rants as salary.
(vi) The administrative system was made more efficient due to Mongol invasions.
(vii) Muhamad Tuglaq built Daulated, a new capital city and introduced the "token" currency in order to mobilise resource to fight Mongol army.
(viii) He also planned to invade Mongol capital in Transoxiana, but plan was aborted.
Que: Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women?
Ans: No, I don't think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women because they were appointed by the Sultans to write about their political careers.
Que: Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Ans: Yes, today, women leaders are accepted more readily. For Example, Indira Gandhi became a succesful and loved Prime Minister of India.
Que: Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reasons today?
Ans: The Sultans of Delhi wanted to extent cultivation so that they could collect more land revenue. Hence, they orderd the cutting of forests are cut for the extension of agriculture and establishment of industrial units.
Que: Find out whether there are many buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings, and draw sketches of them.
Ans:
Yes, there are several. Some of them are Buildings built between 12th and 15th century
- Jamali-Kamali Mosque.
- Sirifort.
- Begumpuri Mosque.
- Moth Ki Masjid.
- Raziyya’s Tomb.
- Qutb Minar.
- Tugalakabad Fort
- Firuz Shah Kotla
- Purana Quila.
Additional Exercise
Additional - Question:
Que: Who defeated the Tomara Rajputs and when?
Ans: The Chauhans of Ajmer defeated the Tomara Rajputs in the middle of the 12th century.
Que: When did the Delhi Sultanate lag its foundation?
Ans: The Delhi Sultanate laid its foundation in the beginning of the thirteenth century.
Que: Name the five dynasties that together made the Delhi Sultanate.
Ans:
- Early Turkish rulers (1206—1290)
- Khalji dynasty (1290—1320)
- Tughluq dynasty (1320—1414)
- Sayyid dynasty (1414—1451)
- Lodi dynasty (1451—1526).
Que: Mention the sources that provide a lot of information about the Delhi Sultans.
Ans: Inscriptions, coins, architecture and history written in Persian by learned authors are some of the most important sources that provide a lot of information about the Delhi Sultans.
Que: Why did the authors of tawarikh write their histories for Sultans?
Ans: They did so in the hope of rich rewards.
Que: Why was Raziyya removed from the throne?
Ans: Being a woman ruler she was not favoured by anyone. She ruled just for four years and was finally dethroned in 1240.
Que: What is a mosque called in Arabic?
Ans: It is called a masjid.
Que: What is the literal meaning of mosque?
Ans: It refers to a place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah.
Que: What is called the qibla?
Ans: The direction towards which Muslims turn while offering prayer or namaz.
Que: Why did the early Delhi Sultans favour their slaves?
Ans: The slaves were totally dependent on their master. Therefore the Sultan could trust and rely upon them.
Que: What was the duty of the muqtis?
Ans: The duly of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.
Que: Why were accountants appointed by the state?
Ans: They were appointed to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis.
Que: Why did the authors of Persian tawarikh criticise the Delhi Sultans?
Ans: They did not like the Sultanate’s policy of appointing the ‘low and base-born’ to high offices.
Que: Name the three types of taxes collected during the Sultanate period.
Ans: Tax on cultivation called Kharcy and amounting to about 50% of the peasant’s yield.
- Tax on cattle
- Tax on houses.
Que: For how many years the Suri dynasty rule?
Ans: The Suri dynasty ruled for only 15 years.
Que: Who were the authors of tawarikh? Write in brief about them.
Ans: The authors of tawarikh were learned men. They were secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers who recounted events as well as advised rulers on governance, emphasising the importance of just rule. The authors of tawarikh lived in cities mainly in Delhi and therefore they were cut off from the village. They used to write histories in praise of the Sultans and in return got rich rewards. These authors advised rulers that they should follow an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions. Common mass had nothing to do with their ideas.
Que: Who was Raziyya? Why was she not accepted as a Sultan inspite of being talented?
Ans: Raziyya was Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter. She became Sultan in 1236. She was very talented. According to the chronicler of the age, Minhaj-i-Siraj, she was more able and qualified than all her brothers. But she was not accepted when she became a ruler. Those were the days when women were not allowed to enjoy independent identity. They were supposed to be subordinate to men. This led to her removal from the throne in 1240.
Que: What were the four stages in the making of a manuscript?
Ans:
The four stages in the making of a manuscript are:
- Preparing the paper
- Writing the text
- Melting gold to highlight important words and passages
- Preparing the binding.
Que: How did the Khaljis and Tughluqs help the people of humble birth? How did it lead to political instability?
Ans: The Khaljis and Tughluqs raised people of humble birth who were often their clients, to high political positions. They were appointed as generals and governors. However, this also introduced an element of political instability. Slaves and clients, the people of humble birth, were loyal to their masters and patrons but not to their heirs. Now Sultans had their own servants. As a result the accession of a new monarch often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility.
Que: Why did large parts of the subcontinent remain outside the control of the Delhi Sultans? What were the repurcussions?
Ans: Large parts of the subcontinent remained outside the control of the Delhi Sultans because they were very far from Delhi. For example, it was difficult to control Bengal from Delhi. This helplessness of the Delhi Sultans paved the way for distant provinces to get independence. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested areas that Sultanate forces could not penetrate. It was a golden opportunity for the local chieftains to establish their rule in these regions.
Que: How did the chieftains arrange for their defence?
Ans: The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves. The bamboo had unique features. It was strong and even fire could not affect it because its several party were intertwined making them very strong. The chieftains lived in these forests which served them as rampart. They had everything necessary for life such as cattle, crops, water, etc. inside the forests. Thus, they were safe. Only powerful armies could subdue them.
Que: Why did Alauddin control the prices of goods in Delhi? What did he do for this?
Ans: Alauddin gave great importance to his soldiers because it was they who could defend the Sultanate from outsiders. He decided to pay their salaries in cash rather than iqtas. The soldiers would buy their supplies from merchants in Delhi and it was thus feared that merchants would raise their prices. To stop this, Alauddin controlled the prices of goods in Delhi. For this Alauddin instructed officers to carefully survey prices. The merchants who did not sell their goods at the prescribed rates were punished.
Que: Describe in brief Tughluq’s policy of ‘token’ currency.
Ans: Tughluq did not control prices of the goods. Instead, he used a token currency, made out of cheap metals, and not of gold and silver. People in the 14th century did not believe in these coins. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state with this token currency. This cheap currency could be counterfeited easily.
Que: Who was Sher Shah Sur? What do you know about his administration?
Ans: Sher Shah Sur (1540—1545) established a powerful state. He started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty known as the Suri dynasty. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for only a short period i.e. 15 years, it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin khalji and made them more efficient. The great emperor Akbar followed the techniques of Sher Shah’s administration while consolidating the Mughal Empire.
Que: Give an account of Alauddin’s administrative measures.
Ans: During the reign of Alauddin Khalji Mongol attacks increased. It was a huge administrative challenge for the Sultan. He introduced several administrative measures:
- Alauddin Khalji raised a large standing army as a defensive measure.
- He constructed a new garrison town known as Siri for his soldiers.
- The soldiers had to be fed. This was done through the produce collected as tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. Tax was fixed at 50% of the pleasant’s produce.
- He paid his soldiers cash salaries rather than iqta. This was done in order to make soldiers able to buy their supplies from merchants in Delhi. It was feared that merchants would raise their prices. In order to stop this Alauddin controlled the prices of goods in Delhi. Prices were carefully surveyed by officers and merchants who did not sell at the prescribed rates were punished.
Alauddin’s administrative measures were successful because he efficiently withstood the threat of Mongol attacks.
Que: Give an account of Muhammad Tughluq’s administration.
Ans: The early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign faced Mongol attacks, which were curbed by Tughluq’s sincere efforts.
1. He took several administrative measures like Alauddin Khalji he also raised a huge standing army in Delhi.
2. He got emptied the oldest of the four cities of Delhi (Delhi-i Kunba) in order to garrison his soldiers there. The residents of the old city were sent to the new capital of Daulatabad in the south.
3. He made arrangements for the collection of produce as tax to feed the soldiers. As it was very difficult to maintain a large number of soldiers the Sultan levied additional taxes which coincided with famine in the area.
4. Muhammad Tughluq paid soldiers cash salaries. For this he introduced ‘token’ currency made of cheap metals. People in the 14th century did not trust these coins. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state with this token currency.
Que: ‘Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure’. Explain withexamples.
Ans:
Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure, we can prove this statement with following points:
- He campaigned into Kashmir which was finally a disaster. He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded his large army.
- His administrative measures created problems. He shifted the residents of the old city to the new capital of Daulatabad in the south. People did not like this step taken by Muhammad Tughluq. They resented collectively.
- Tughluq, in order to meet the expense of maintaining a large number of soldiers, levied additional taxes which increased the burden of common people.
- The famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion.
- Muhammad Tughluq’s policy of ‘token’ currency also proved a failure. People of the 14th century did not trust this currency. They were very smart. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state with the token currency. This cheap currency could also be counterfeited easily.
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History Chapter List
Chapter 1. Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years
Chapter 2. New Kings And Kingdoms
Chapter 3. The Delhi Sultans
Chapter 4. The Mughal Empire
Chapter 5. Rulers And Buildings
Chapter 6. Towns, Traders And Craftspersons
Chapter 7. Tribes Nomads And Settled Communities
Chapter 8. Devotional Paths To The Divine
Chapter 9. The Making Of Regional Cultures
Chapter 10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations
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