NCERT Solutions for Class 9 – Complete Chapter-wise Study Material
Atmosphere and Climate is one of the most important chapters in the Class 9 Social Science English NCERT Solutions curriculum. This chapter plays a significant role in helping students build a strong conceptual foundation while preparing for school examinations, class tests, unit tests, half-yearly examinations, annual examinations, and CBSE board assessments. The chapter has been carefully designed according to the latest NCERT syllabus, making it an essential part of every student's study plan.
The Atmosphere and Climate - Class 9 Social Science English NCERT Solutions available on ATP Education explain every question in a simple, accurate, and step-by-step manner. Each answer is prepared according to the latest CBSE guidelines so that students can understand the concepts clearly without confusion. Whether you are completing your homework, revising before examinations, or strengthening your understanding of the subject, these solutions provide reliable academic support throughout your learning journey.
One of the biggest advantages of studying Atmosphere and Climate is that it helps students understand important concepts, definitions, examples, and textbook exercises in an organized way. Instead of memorizing answers, students learn how to develop logical thinking, improve analytical skills, and write well-structured answers in examinations. This chapter also helps improve problem-solving ability and encourages conceptual learning, which is essential for scoring higher marks in school and competitive examinations.
Our Class 9 Social Science NCERT Solutions cover all textbook questions, important exercise questions, and chapter-wise explanations in English Medium. Every solution is written in easy-to-understand language, allowing students to revise the chapter quickly before examinations. Regular practice of these solutions improves confidence, strengthens subject knowledge, and reduces examination stress.
Students preparing for school assessments should carefully study Atmosphere and Climate because questions from this chapter are frequently asked in objective questions, short answer questions, long answer questions, competency-based questions, and case-study questions. Understanding the concepts explained in this chapter also helps students connect related topics from other chapters, making overall learning more effective and meaningful.
At ATP Education, we continuously update our Class 9 Social Science English NCERT Solutions according to the latest NCERT textbooks and CBSE curriculum. Students can confidently use these chapter-wise solutions for daily study, homework assistance, quick revision, examination preparation, and self-learning. By studying Atmosphere and Climate thoroughly and practising every question regularly, students can strengthen their concepts, improve writing skills, and achieve better academic performance in both school and board examinations.
Atmosphere and Climate - Class 9 Social Science English NCERT Solutions
Atmosphere and Climate
Chapter Review
Chapter 3. Atmosphere and Climate
Chapter Review
1. Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the blanket of air surrounding the Earth. It is held around the Earth by gravity and consists of a mixture of gases in different proportions. It is essential for the survival of all living beings.
The atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful radiation from the Sun, including ultraviolet radiation. It also regulates the Earth's temperature by trapping some of the Sun's energy. It plays an important role in weather and climate by influencing temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, and precipitation.
2. Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen along with small quantities of other gases, water vapour, and dust particles.
- Nitrogen: About 78% of the atmosphere.
- Oxygen: About 21% of the atmosphere.
- Argon: About 0.93%.
- Carbon dioxide: About 0.04%.
- Other gases: About 0.03%, including gases such as helium, neon, krypton, xenon, ozone, and hydrogen.
Water vapour is also present in the atmosphere. Its amount generally ranges from 0.1% to 0.4%. It plays an important role in cloud formation and precipitation.
3. Structure of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere has a layered structure. These layers are identified mainly on the basis of changes in temperature and density with increasing altitude.
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
4. Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest and most important layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is about 12 kilometres.
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
- It contains the air that we breathe.
- Most of the water vapour and clouds are found in this layer.
- Almost all weather phenomena, such as rainfall, fog, and hail, occur here.
- The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the tropopause.
5. Stratosphere
The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and extends up to about 50 kilometres.
- It is relatively free from clouds and major weather disturbances.
- It is suitable for flying aeroplanes.
- It contains the ozone layer.
- Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
- The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere is called the stratopause.
6. Mesosphere
The mesosphere is the third major layer of the atmosphere and extends up to about 80 kilometres.
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
- Most meteorites entering the Earth's atmosphere burn up in this layer.
- The boundary between the mesosphere and thermosphere is called the mesopause.
7. Thermosphere
The thermosphere extends approximately from 80 to 700 kilometres above the Earth's surface.
- Temperature rises rapidly with increasing altitude.
- Gas molecules absorb X-rays and short-wave ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
- The ionosphere is a part of the thermosphere.
- It helps in radio transmission by reflecting radio waves towards the Earth.
- Auroras occur in this layer.
Aurora is a colourful display of light seen in the sky near the polar regions. It occurs when charged particles from the Sun interact with gases in the Earth's atmosphere.
The aurora in the Northern Hemisphere is called Aurora Borealis, while that in the Southern Hemisphere is called Aurora Australis.
8. Exosphere
The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. It is characterised by extremely thin air.
- Light gases such as helium and hydrogen are present.
- Due to weak gravity, some light gases can escape into space.
9. Weather
Weather refers to the hour-to-hour and day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a particular place.
Weather can change significantly from one day to another. Temperature, humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation are important elements of weather.
10. Climate
Climate refers to the average weather conditions and variations of a place over a long period of time. It generally considers a period of about 30 years or more.
Difference: Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions, whereas climate describes the long-term pattern of weather conditions over a large area.
11. Elements of Weather and Climate
The major elements that influence weather and climate are:
- Temperature
- Precipitation
- Humidity
- Wind
- Atmospheric pressure
12. Temperature and Insolation
Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of the atmosphere.
An important factor affecting the distribution of temperature is insolation.
Insolation is the incoming solar energy from the Sun that is intercepted by the Earth.
Insolation generally decreases from the equator towards the poles. Therefore, temperature also generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.
13. Humidity
Humidity refers to the presence of water vapour in the air.
Water evaporates from land and water bodies and enters the atmosphere as water vapour. When the amount of water vapour in the air is high, humidity is high.
Warm air can hold more water vapour than cold air. High humidity can make us feel uncomfortable because sweat evaporates more slowly.
14. Precipitation
Precipitation occurs when water vapour in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the Earth's surface due to gravity.
Forms of precipitation include:
- Drizzle
- Rain
- Snow
- Sleet
- Hail
Rain is the most common form of precipitation. Prevailing winds, mountains, and seasons influence precipitation.
15. Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the Earth's surface.
- Atmospheric pressure is highest at sea level.
- It decreases rapidly with increasing altitude.
- Warm air rises and creates a low-pressure area.
- Cold air is heavier and sinks, creating a high-pressure area.
- Low-pressure areas are generally associated with cloudy and wet weather.
- High-pressure areas are generally associated with clear and sunny weather.
Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This movement of air produces wind.
16. Wind
Wind is the movement of air from a high-pressure area towards a low-pressure area.
Wind may be gentle or strong. The direction of a wind is generally named after the direction from which it blows. For example, a wind blowing from the west is called a westerly.
17. Land Breeze
Land breeze is a local wind that blows from land towards the sea during the night.
At night, land cools faster than the sea. This difference in temperature and pressure causes air to move from land towards the sea.
18. Sea Breeze
Sea breeze is a local wind that blows from the sea towards the land during the day, especially in the afternoon.
During the day, land becomes warmer than the sea. The warmer air over the land rises and creates a low-pressure area. Air then moves from the sea towards the land.
19. Seasons in India
India has a broadly tropical monsoon climate. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) recognises four main seasons:
- Winter Season: December to early April.
- Summer or Pre-monsoon Season: April to June, or up to July in north-western India.
- Monsoon or Rainy Season: June to September.
- Post-monsoon or Retreating Monsoon Season: October to December.
The Himalayan states, because of their more temperate conditions, experience two additional seasons—autumn and spring.
20. Traditional Indian Seasons
Traditionally, India recognises six seasons, each generally lasting about two months:
| Season | Indian Calendar Months | Approximate Gregorian Months |
|---|---|---|
| Vasanta | Chaitra–Vaiśhākha | March–April |
| Grīṣhma | Jyeṣhṭha–Āṣhāḍha | May–June |
| Varṣhā | Śhrāvaṇa–Bhādrapada | July–August |
| Śharad | Āśhvina–Kārtika | September–October |
| Hemanta | Mārgaśhīrṣha–Pauṣha | November–December |
| Śhiśhira | Māgha–Phālguna | January–February |
21. Monsoon
Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the direction of winds during a year.
The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word mausim, meaning season.
Monsoon winds are seasonal winds and can be broadly classified into:
- South-west monsoon
- North-east monsoon
22. South-west Monsoon
The south-west monsoon is also known as the summer monsoon. It generally occurs from June to September.
During summer, the landmass of India heats up faster than the surrounding oceans. This creates a low-pressure area over the Indian subcontinent, while the relatively cooler Indian Ocean has higher pressure.
Since air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas, moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean towards the land and bring rainfall.
The south-west monsoon provides most of the rainfall received by India during the year.
23. North-east Monsoon
The north-east monsoon is also known as the winter monsoon. It generally occurs from October to February.
During winter, the Indian landmass cools faster than the surrounding oceans. This creates high pressure over the land and relatively low pressure over the seas.
Cold and dry winds generally blow from land towards the sea. However, when the north-east monsoon winds pass over the Bay of Bengal, they pick up moisture and bring rainfall to parts of the eastern coast, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
24. Importance of Monsoon in India
Monsoon plays a vital role in the lives and economy of people in India.
- Most Indian agriculture depends on monsoon rainfall.
- Farmers depend on rainfall for sowing and growing crops.
- A good monsoon helps maintain water in rivers, reservoirs, and wells.
- Monsoon influences daily life, transport, festivals, and employment.
- Excessive rainfall may cause floods.
- Weak monsoon rainfall may result in droughts.
Therefore, monsoon strongly influences India's economy, lifestyle, agriculture, and livelihoods.
25. Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term changes in weather patterns such as temperature, rainfall, and wind.
Major human activities contributing to climate change include:
- Burning of fossil fuels
- Deforestation
- Industrial pollution
- Increasing greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to rising global temperatures.
26. Effects of Climate Change
Climate change can result in several environmental and social impacts:
- More frequent floods
- Droughts
- Melting of glaciers
- Rising sea levels
- Loss of biodiversity
- Impacts on agriculture
- Impacts on human health
- Disruption of livelihoods
27. Carbon Footprint
A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as energy use, transportation, and the production of goods and services.
28. Ways to Reduce Carbon Footprint
- Save electricity and energy.
- Use renewable sources of energy.
- Walk or cycle for short distances.
- Use public transport or carpool whenever possible.
- Reduce unnecessary use of private vehicles.
- Use water carefully and avoid wastage.
- Reuse and recycle materials.
- Avoid single-use plastics.
- Protect forests and plant trees.
- Adopt sustainable and environment-friendly lifestyles.
29. Punjab Floods 2025 – Case Study
In 2025, Punjab experienced severe floods due to heavy monsoon rainfall and the swelling of rivers such as the Satluj, Beas, and Ravi.
Natural causes included:
- Very heavy monsoon rainfall.
- Additional moisture and rainfall associated with western disturbances.
- Heavy rainfall in Punjab as well as neighbouring hill regions.
- High water levels in major rivers before additional heavy rainfall.
Human-made factors included:
- Weak or old river embankments.
- Construction of houses and farms too close to rivers.
- Accumulation of silt and mud in rivers and dams.
- Reduced capacity of rivers and dams to hold or carry water.
- Late or unclear flood warnings in some areas.
Effects of the floods included:
- Loss of human lives.
- Displacement of people to relief camps.
- Damage to agricultural fields and crops.
- Damage to poultry and dairy farms.
- Loss of livestock.
- Damage to roads, bridges, border fences, and public buildings.
- Health problems and waterborne diseases due to stagnant water.
- Economic losses, social disruption, and environmental damage.
Key Terms to Remember
- Atmosphere: The blanket of gases surrounding the Earth.
- Gravity: The force of attraction exerted by the Earth on objects near its surface.
- Altitude: The height of a place above mean sea level.
- Insolation: Incoming solar energy intercepted by the Earth.
- Humidity: The presence of water vapour in the air.
- Precipitation: Water falling from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in forms such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
- Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the Earth's surface.
- Wind: The movement of air from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area.
- Monsoon: Seasonal reversal in the direction of winds during a year.
- Climate: The average weather conditions of a place over a long period, generally 30 years or more.
- Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases released due to human activities.
Quick Revision Points
- The atmosphere is essential for life and protects the Earth from harmful solar radiation.
- Nitrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere.
- The five major atmospheric layers are Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
- Almost all weather phenomena occur in the troposphere.
- The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
- Most meteorites burn up in the mesosphere.
- Auroras occur in the thermosphere.
- Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Climate refers to long-term average weather conditions.
- Insolation generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.
- Air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
- Sea breeze blows from sea to land during the day.
- Land breeze blows from land to sea during the night.
- India has a broadly tropical monsoon climate.
- The IMD recognises four main seasons in India: Winter, Summer/Pre-monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-monsoon.
- Monsoon is a seasonal reversal of wind direction.
- The south-west monsoon brings most of India's annual rainfall.
- The north-east monsoon provides important rainfall to parts of south-eastern India.
- Climate change refers to long-term changes in weather patterns.
- Human activities such as fossil-fuel burning and deforestation contribute to climate change.
- Reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy, protecting forests, and adopting sustainable lifestyles can help reduce carbon footprints.
Atmosphere and Climate
Additional Questions with Answers
Chapter 3. Atmosphere and Climate
Extra Questions with Solutions
Extra Questions – 1 Mark
Q1. What is the atmosphere?
Answer: The atmosphere is the blanket of air surrounding the Earth. It is a mixture of gases held around the Earth by gravity.
Q2. Which two gases are most abundant in the atmosphere?
Answer: Nitrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere.
Q3. What percentage of the atmosphere is nitrogen?
Answer: Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere.
Q4. What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?
Answer: Oxygen makes up about 21% of the atmosphere.
Q5. What is altitude?
Answer: Altitude is the height of a location above mean sea level.
Q6. Which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?
Answer: The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
Q7. In which layer of the atmosphere does most weather occur?
Answer: Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere.
Q8. In which layer is the ozone layer found?
Answer: The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere.
Q9. Which atmospheric layer is suitable for aeroplane flights?
Answer: The stratosphere is suitable for aeroplane flights because it is relatively free from clouds and major weather disturbances.
Q10. In which layer do most meteorites burn up?
Answer: Most meteorites burn up in the mesosphere.
Q11. In which layer do auroras occur?
Answer: Auroras occur in the thermosphere.
Q12. What is weather?
Answer: Weather refers to the hour-to-hour and day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere at a place.
Q13. What is climate?
Answer: Climate refers to the average weather conditions and variations of a place over a long period, usually 30 years or more.
Q14. What is insolation?
Answer: Insolation is the incoming solar energy from the Sun that is intercepted by the Earth.
Q15. What is humidity?
Answer: Humidity refers to the presence of water vapour in the air.
Q16. What is precipitation?
Answer: Precipitation is the process by which condensed water falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in forms such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Q17. What is atmospheric pressure?
Answer: Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the Earth's surface.
Q18. In which direction does air move due to differences in pressure?
Answer: Air moves from areas of high pressure towards areas of low pressure.
Q19. What is wind?
Answer: Wind is the movement of air from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area.
Q20. What is a land breeze?
Answer: A land breeze is a local wind that blows from land towards the sea during the night.
Q21. What is a sea breeze?
Answer: A sea breeze is a local wind that blows from the sea towards the land during the day.
Q22. What is monsoon?
Answer: Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the direction of winds during a year.
Q23. Name the two major types of monsoon winds in India.
Answer: South-west monsoon and north-east monsoon.
Q24. Which season generally occurs from June to September in India?
Answer: The monsoon or rainy season generally occurs from June to September.
Q25. What is a carbon footprint?
Answer: A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities.
Extra Questions – 2 Marks
Q26. Why is the atmosphere important for life on Earth?
Answer: The atmosphere is essential for life because it provides gases needed by living organisms, protects the Earth from harmful solar radiation, and helps regulate the Earth's temperature. It also plays an important role in weather and climate.
Q27. Why does air density decrease with altitude?
Answer: As altitude increases, the amount of air above a place decreases. Therefore, the air becomes less dense and atmospheric pressure also decreases.
Q28. Why does temperature generally decrease from the equator towards the poles?
Answer: Insolation generally decreases from the equator towards the poles. The equatorial regions receive more direct solar energy, while the polar regions receive sunlight at a lower angle. Therefore, temperature generally decreases towards the poles.
Q29. Why does high humidity make us feel uncomfortable?
Answer: Warm air can hold more water vapour. When humidity is high, sweat evaporates more slowly from our body. This makes us feel uncomfortable and warmer.
Q30. Why is rainfall important for groundwater?
Answer: Rainwater enters the soil and can percolate into the ground. A significant part of groundwater is replenished through rainwater.
Q31. Why does warm air create low pressure?
Answer: When air is heated, it becomes less dense and rises. The rising air creates a region of relatively lower pressure near the surface.
Q32. Why does cold air create high pressure?
Answer: Cold air is denser and heavier, so it sinks towards the Earth's surface. This creates a region of relatively high pressure.
Q33. Why does wind blow from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas?
Answer: Differences in atmospheric pressure create a pressure gradient. Air moves from areas of higher pressure towards areas of lower pressure, producing wind.
Q34. Why does land breeze occur at night?
Answer: At night, land cools faster than the sea. The air over the cooler land becomes relatively denser, while pressure over land becomes relatively higher. Therefore, air moves from land towards the sea.
Q35. Why does sea breeze occur during the day?
Answer: During the day, land becomes warmer than the sea. Air over the land rises and creates a low-pressure area. Air then moves from the relatively cooler sea towards the land, producing a sea breeze.
Q36. Why are monsoon winds important for India?
Answer: Monsoon rainfall is essential for agriculture, water supply, rivers, reservoirs, and wells. It also influences employment, transport, festivals, and the overall economy and lifestyle of people.
Q37. Why can a weak monsoon cause drought?
Answer: A weak monsoon brings less rainfall than required. This can reduce water availability in rivers, reservoirs, wells, and agricultural fields, resulting in drought conditions.
Q38. Why can excessive monsoon rainfall cause floods?
Answer: Excessive rainfall can cause rivers and other water bodies to overflow. When the amount of water exceeds the capacity of natural and human-made drainage systems, flooding can occur.
Extra Questions – 3 Marks
Q39. Describe the composition of the atmosphere.
Answer: The atmosphere is a mixture of different gases, water vapour, and tiny dust particles.
- Nitrogen forms about 78% of the atmosphere.
- Oxygen forms about 21%.
- Argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases are present in smaller quantities.
Water vapour varies in amount and plays an important role in cloud formation and precipitation.
Q40. Explain the importance of the troposphere.
Answer: The troposphere is the lowest and most important atmospheric layer for life and weather.
- The air we breathe is present in this layer.
- Most water vapour and clouds are found here.
- Almost all weather phenomena, such as rainfall, fog, and hail, occur here.
Q41. Explain the importance of the stratosphere.
Answer: The stratosphere is important because it is relatively free from clouds and major weather disturbances, making it suitable for aeroplane flights. It also contains the ozone layer, which filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Q42. Explain the main characteristics of the thermosphere.
Answer: The thermosphere extends approximately from 80 to 700 km above the Earth's surface.
- Temperature increases rapidly with altitude.
- It absorbs X-rays and short-wave ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
- The ionosphere forms part of this layer and helps in radio transmission.
Q43. Differentiate between weather and climate.
| Weather | Climate |
|---|---|
| It refers to short-term atmospheric conditions. | It refers to average weather conditions over a long period. |
| It may change from hour to hour or day to day. | It represents long-term patterns and variations. |
| For example, today's weather may be rainy. | For example, a region may have a tropical monsoon climate. |
Q44. Explain the major elements of weather and climate.
Answer: The major elements are:
- Temperature: Indicates the degree of hotness or coldness of the atmosphere.
- Humidity: Indicates the amount of water vapour present in the air.
- Precipitation: Includes rain, snow, sleet, hail, and drizzle.
- Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of air.
- Wind: The movement of air from high pressure towards low pressure.
Q45. Explain the formation of sea breeze and land breeze.
Answer: During the day, land heats up faster than the sea. Warm air over land rises and creates relatively low pressure. Air therefore moves from the sea towards the land. This is called a sea breeze.
During the night, land cools faster than the sea. Pressure becomes relatively higher over land, so air moves from land towards the sea. This is called a land breeze.
Q46. Explain the mechanism of the south-west monsoon.
Answer: During summer, the landmass of India heats up faster than the surrounding oceans. This creates a low-pressure area over the Indian subcontinent, while the Indian Ocean remains relatively cooler and has higher pressure.
Air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas. Therefore, moisture-laden winds blow from the Indian Ocean towards India. These winds bring rainfall to large parts of the country between June and September.
Q47. Explain the mechanism of the north-east monsoon.
Answer: During winter, the Indian landmass cools faster than the surrounding oceans. High pressure develops over the land, while relatively lower pressure exists over the seas.
Cold and dry winds generally blow from land towards the sea. However, after passing over the Bay of Bengal, these winds pick up moisture and bring rainfall to parts of the eastern and south-eastern coast, particularly Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
Q48. How does climate change affect human beings and the environment?
Answer: Climate change can affect both natural systems and human life.
- It can increase the frequency of floods and droughts.
- It can contribute to melting glaciers and rising sea levels.
- It can cause loss of biodiversity.
- It can affect agriculture, human health, and livelihoods.
Q49. What are the major causes of climate change mentioned in the chapter?
Answer: Major causes include human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial pollution. These activities increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and contribute to rising global temperatures.
Q50. Suggest three ways to reduce carbon footprint.
Answer:
- Save electricity and use energy efficiently.
- Use public transport, cycling, or walking wherever possible.
- Reuse and recycle materials and avoid unnecessary single-use plastics.
Extra Questions – 4 Marks
Q51. Describe all five major layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
- Troposphere: The lowest layer, where we live and where most weather phenomena occur.
- Stratosphere: Extends up to about 50 km and contains the ozone layer. It is relatively free from weather disturbances.
- Mesosphere: Extends up to about 80 km. Most incoming meteorites burn up in this layer.
- Thermosphere: Extends approximately from 80 to 700 km. Temperature rises rapidly and auroras occur here.
- Exosphere: The uppermost layer, characterised by very thin air. Light gases such as helium and hydrogen may escape into space.
Q52. Explain how differences in air pressure lead to the formation of winds.
Answer: Air pressure varies from place to place because of differences in temperature and other atmospheric conditions.
When air is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, producing a low-pressure area. Cold air is denser and sinks, producing a high-pressure area.
Air moves from high-pressure areas towards low-pressure areas. This movement of air is called wind. Therefore, differences in atmospheric pressure are responsible for the movement of air.
Q53. Explain the importance of monsoon rainfall for the Indian economy and daily life.
Answer: Monsoon rainfall is extremely important for India because a large part of agriculture depends on it.
- Farmers depend on monsoon rainfall for sowing and growing crops.
- Good rainfall helps maintain water in rivers, reservoirs, and wells.
- Monsoon conditions influence employment, especially in rural areas.
- Monsoon also affects transport, festivals, and daily activities.
- Excessive rainfall can cause floods, while insufficient rainfall can lead to drought.
Thus, the monsoon has a strong influence on India's economy, livelihoods, and way of life.
Q54. Explain the causes and effects of climate change.
Answer: Climate change refers to long-term changes in weather patterns such as temperature, rainfall, and wind.
Causes:
- Burning of fossil fuels.
- Deforestation.
- Industrial pollution.
- Increase in greenhouse gases.
Effects:
- More frequent floods and droughts.
- Melting of glaciers.
- Rising sea levels.
- Loss of biodiversity.
- Effects on agriculture, health, and livelihoods.
Q55. Explain the natural and human-made causes of the Punjab floods discussed in the chapter.
Answer: The chapter's 2025 Punjab flood case study identifies both natural and human-made factors.
Natural causes: Punjab experienced very heavy monsoon rainfall, which was intensified by western disturbances. Heavy rainfall also occurred in neighbouring Himalayan regions. Major rivers such as the Satluj, Beas, Ravi, and Ghaggar were already flowing at high levels.
Human-made causes: Weak and old river embankments, construction of houses and farms close to rivers, accumulation of silt and mud in rivers and dams, and delayed or unclear flood warnings increased the impact of flooding.
Extra Questions – Long Answer
Q56. Explain how the atmosphere influences the Earth's temperature, weather, and climate.
Answer: The atmosphere plays a vital role in controlling the conditions on the Earth's surface.
First, the atmosphere contains gases that help regulate Earth's temperature. It traps some of the Sun's energy and prevents all of it from escaping into space.
Second, the atmosphere contains water vapour, which is essential for cloud formation and precipitation. Rain, snow, sleet, and hail are all connected with atmospheric processes.
Third, variations in temperature and atmospheric pressure cause air to move. This movement produces winds, which influence weather conditions.
The atmosphere therefore controls important elements such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and atmospheric pressure. The long-term pattern of these conditions determines the climate of a place.
Q57. Explain the complete process of the Indian monsoon with reference to summer and winter conditions.
Answer: The Indian monsoon is based on the seasonal reversal of wind direction.
During summer, the landmass of India heats faster than the surrounding oceans. This creates low pressure over the Indian subcontinent. The Indian Ocean remains relatively cooler and has higher pressure. Therefore, moisture-laden winds move from the ocean towards the land. These south-west monsoon winds bring most of India's annual rainfall between June and September.
During winter, the land cools faster than the surrounding oceans. High pressure develops over the land, while relatively lower pressure exists over the sea. Cold and dry winds generally move from land towards the sea.
When the north-east monsoon winds cross the Bay of Bengal, they absorb moisture and bring rainfall to parts of the eastern and south-eastern coast, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
Thus, the seasonal difference in heating and cooling of land and sea produces the reversal of wind direction that characterises the Indian monsoon.
Q58. Why is the atmosphere divided into different layers? Explain the characteristics and importance of these layers.
Answer: The atmosphere is divided into different layers mainly on the basis of changes in temperature and air density with increasing altitude.
The troposphere is the lowest layer and contains most of the air, water vapour, and clouds. Almost all weather occurs here.
The stratosphere extends up to about 50 km and contains the ozone layer. It is relatively free from clouds and weather disturbances.
The mesosphere extends up to about 80 km and is the region where most incoming meteorites burn up.
The thermosphere extends from about 80 to 700 km. Temperature rises rapidly here, and the ionosphere and auroras are associated with this layer.
The exosphere is the uppermost layer. It has extremely thin air, and light gases such as helium and hydrogen can escape into space.
Each layer performs different functions and together they make the atmosphere essential for life and Earth's atmospheric processes.
Q59. Explain the relationship between climate change and carbon footprint. How can individuals reduce their carbon footprint?
Answer: Human activities such as transportation, energy use, production of goods, burning of fossil fuels, and industrial activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The total amount of greenhouse gases released as a result of such activities is called the carbon footprint.
Increasing greenhouse gases contribute to the trapping of heat in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This is closely connected with climate change.
Individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by:
- Saving electricity and switching off appliances when not required.
- Using public transport, cycling, or walking.
- Using water carefully.
- Reusing and recycling materials.
- Avoiding unnecessary single-use plastics.
- Supporting renewable sources of energy.
- Planting and protecting trees.
Small changes in daily habits, when adopted by many people, can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Q60. Analyse the Punjab floods of 2025 as an example of the interaction between natural processes and human activities.
Answer: The Punjab floods of 2025 demonstrate how natural and human factors can combine to increase the severity of a disaster.
Heavy monsoon rainfall was a major natural factor. Western disturbances brought additional moisture and rainfall, while heavy rainfall also occurred in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. The Satluj, Beas, Ravi, and Ghaggar were already flowing at high levels.
Human activities increased the vulnerability of the region. Weak and old embankments could not adequately contain the rising water. Houses and farms had been constructed close to rivers, reducing the natural space available for floodwater. Silt and mud had accumulated in rivers and dams, reducing their capacity. In some areas, flood warnings were late or not clearly communicated.
The floods resulted in loss of life, displacement of people, crop damage, damage to livestock and infrastructure, health problems, and economic losses.
The case study therefore shows the importance of flood preparedness, proper land-use planning, effective embankment management, maintaining the capacity of rivers and dams, and timely communication of warnings.
Q61. “Weather and climate are related but not the same.” Explain with suitable examples.
Answer: Weather and climate both describe atmospheric conditions, but they differ mainly in the time period considered.
Weather describes the condition of the atmosphere over a short period, such as hours or days. For example, a place may experience heavy rain today or a hot afternoon tomorrow.
Climate describes the average pattern of weather conditions over a long period, generally 30 years or more. For example, India is broadly characterised by a tropical monsoon climate.
Weather can change rapidly, while climate represents long-term patterns and variations. Therefore, a single rainy or hot day does not by itself determine the climate of a place.
HOTS – Higher Order Thinking Questions
Q62. If the atmosphere did not contain water vapour, what major atmospheric processes would be affected?
Answer: Water vapour is essential for cloud formation and precipitation. Therefore, without atmospheric water vapour, the normal processes of cloud formation and rainfall would be severely affected. This would also influence the availability of freshwater and the overall weather and climate system.
Q63. A city experiences very hot days followed by rapid formation of clouds and rainfall. Which atmospheric elements are interacting in this situation?
Answer: Temperature, humidity, water vapour, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure are interacting. Heating can increase evaporation and make warm air rise. Moisture can then condense into clouds, leading to precipitation when conditions are suitable.
Q64. Why can two places at nearly the same latitude have different climates?
Answer: Latitude is important, but climate is influenced by several other factors and atmospheric conditions. Differences in altitude, distance from the sea, rainfall, winds, and local physical conditions can result in different climatic conditions even at similar latitudes.
Q65. Why can excessive rainfall be both a natural event and a disaster?
Answer: Heavy rainfall is a natural atmospheric event. It becomes a disaster when the resulting water causes serious damage to people, property, agriculture, infrastructure, or the environment. Human settlement patterns, drainage systems, river management, and preparedness can influence the extent of damage.
Application-Based Questions
Q66. A coastal town feels cooler during the afternoon than an inland town at the same time. What local wind process may explain this difference?
Answer: Sea breeze may explain the difference. During the day, land heats faster than the sea. The resulting pressure difference causes relatively cooler air from the sea to move towards the land, moderating temperatures near the coast.
Q67. A farmer plans sowing based on the expected arrival of monsoon rainfall. Why is this information important?
Answer: Agriculture in India depends heavily on monsoon rainfall. The timing and amount of rainfall affect sowing, crop growth, and water availability. Therefore, knowledge of monsoon conditions helps farmers plan agricultural activities.
Q68. A student leaves lights and fans switched on even when they are not needed. How can this habit contribute indirectly to climate change?
Answer: Unnecessary electricity use can increase energy consumption. Where electricity generation involves fossil fuels, additional greenhouse gases may be released. Reducing unnecessary energy use can therefore help reduce one's carbon footprint.
Q69. A region receives very little rainfall for several months. Which atmospheric condition may develop and what could be its effect?
Answer: Prolonged absence of rainfall can result in dry conditions and may contribute to drought. It can reduce water availability for agriculture, rivers, reservoirs, and wells.
Q70. Why should houses and farms not be built too close to rivers in flood-prone areas?
Answer: Rivers need space to carry excess water during heavy rainfall. Construction close to river channels reduces the natural area available for floodwater to spread safely. This can increase the risk of damage during floods, as illustrated by the Punjab flood case study in the chapter.
Atmosphere and Climate
NCERT Textbook Questions & Answers
Chapter 3. Atmosphere and Climate
NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers
Question 1. What is atmosphere? Explain its composition with the help of a pie diagram.
Answer: The atmosphere is the blanket of air surrounding the Earth. It is held around the Earth by gravity and consists of a mixture of different gases in various proportions. It is essential for the survival of all living beings.
The major components of the atmosphere are:
| Component | Approximate Percentage |
|---|---|
| Nitrogen | 78% |
| Oxygen | 21% |
| Argon | 0.93% |
| Carbon dioxide | 0.04% |
| Other gases | 0.03% |
Besides these gases, the atmosphere also contains varying amounts of water vapour and tiny dust particles. Water vapour generally ranges from about 0.1% to 0.4% and plays an important role in cloud formation and precipitation.
For the pie diagram: The largest sector should represent nitrogen (78%), followed by oxygen (21%). The remaining very small sectors should represent argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
Question 2. Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of atmosphere.
Answer: The atmosphere is divided into five major layers on the basis of changes in temperature and air density with increasing altitude.
- Troposphere – Lowest layer; most weather phenomena occur here.
- Stratosphere – Contains the ozone layer and is relatively free from major weather disturbances.
- Mesosphere – Most meteorites entering the atmosphere burn up here.
- Thermosphere – Temperature rises rapidly; auroras occur here.
- Exosphere – Uppermost layer with extremely thin air.
Suggested labelled diagram:
EXOSPHERE
↑ Uppermost layer
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
THERMOSPHERE
↑ Auroras / Ionosphere
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
MESOSPHERE
↑ Most meteors burn here
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
STRATOSPHERE
↑ Ozone Layer / Aeroplanes
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
TROPOSPHERE
↑ Clouds / Rainfall / Weather / Life
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
EARTH'S SURFACE
Question 3. Which are the four main seasons of India?
Answer: According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), the four main seasons of India are:
- Winter Season – December to early April
- Summer or Pre-monsoon Season – April to June, or up to July in north-western India
- Monsoon or Rainy Season – June to September
- Post-monsoon or Retreating Monsoon Season – October to December
The Himalayan states experience two additional seasons—autumn and spring—because of their more temperate conditions.
Question 4. Why do you not feel the pressure of the atmosphere?
Answer: The atmosphere exerts pressure on our bodies from all sides. However, we do not feel this pressure because the pressure inside our bodies is also approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure outside. These pressures balance each other, so there is no significant net pressure that we feel.
Question 5. In which layer of the atmosphere do aeroplanes fly and why?
Answer: Aeroplanes generally fly in the stratosphere, especially in its lower part.
The stratosphere is relatively free from clouds and major weather disturbances. Therefore, flying in this layer provides comparatively stable atmospheric conditions and helps aircraft avoid much of the turbulence and weather activity found in the troposphere.
Question 6(a). Distinguish between the troposphere and stratosphere.
| Troposphere | Stratosphere |
|---|---|
| It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. | It lies above the troposphere. |
| Its average height is about 12 km. | It extends up to about 50 km. |
| Temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude. | Temperature generally increases with increasing altitude. |
| Most water vapour and clouds are found here. | It is relatively free from clouds and major weather disturbances. |
| Nearly all weather phenomena occur here. | It contains the ozone layer. |
| It contains the air we breathe. | It provides relatively stable conditions for aeroplane flights. |
Question 6(b). Distinguish between the south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon.
| South-west Monsoon | North-east Monsoon |
|---|---|
| It is also called the summer monsoon. | It is also called the winter monsoon. |
| It generally occurs from June to September. | It generally occurs from October to February. |
| Winds generally blow from the ocean towards the Indian landmass. | Winds generally blow from the Indian landmass towards the sea. |
| The winds carry large amounts of moisture and provide most of India's annual rainfall. | The winds are generally dry over most of India. |
| It is the main rainy season for large parts of India. | After crossing the Bay of Bengal, the winds bring rainfall to parts of the eastern and south-eastern coast. |
| It is very important for Indian agriculture and water supply. | It is especially important for rainfall in regions such as Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka. |
Question 7. Table 3.3 shows the average monthly temperatures and rainfall amounts for 10 representative stations. Study these figures and convert them into temperature and rainfall graphs.
Answer: The textbook asks students to prepare graphs using the temperature and rainfall data given in Table 3.3. The graph should contain months from January to December on the horizontal axis.
The monthly temperature should be represented using the temperature scale, while monthly rainfall should be represented using the rainfall scale.
The textbook has already provided the example graph for Delhi as Fig. 3.14. Similar graphs can be prepared for the remaining stations using the data in Table 3.3.
General observations from the data:
- Temperature varies considerably between the stations.
- Leh experiences very low winter temperatures.
- Thiruvananthapuram has relatively small annual temperature variation.
- Jodhpur has low annual rainfall.
- Shillong receives very high rainfall.
- Chennai receives a large proportion of its rainfall during October and November.
- Mumbai receives very heavy rainfall during the south-west monsoon months.
Question 7.1. Now look at Table 3.3 again. Re-arrange the 10 stations according to their distance from the equator.
Answer: The stations can be arranged from closest to the equator to farthest from the equator as follows:
- Thiruvananthapuram – 8°29'N
- Bengaluru – 12°58'N
- Chennai – 13°4'N
- Mumbai – 19°N
- Nagpur – 21°9'N
- Kolkata – 22°34'N
- Shillong – 24°34'N
- Jodhpur – 26°18'N
- Delhi – 29°N
- Leh – 34°N
Question 7.2(a). Find out two stations with the most extreme climate.
Answer: Leh and Jodhpur show the most extreme climatic conditions among the stations given in the table.
Leh has very low winter temperatures and a large annual temperature range. Jodhpur has very low annual rainfall and experiences high summer temperatures.
Question 7.2(b). Find out two stations influenced by retreating monsoons.
Answer: Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram are strongly influenced by the retreating/north-east monsoon.
This is particularly clear from their rainfall pattern. Chennai receives its highest rainfall in October and November, while Thiruvananthapuram also receives substantial rainfall during October and November.
Question 7.2(c). Find out the two hottest stations in the months of (i) February and (ii) June.
Answer:
(i) February: The two hottest stations are:
- Thiruvananthapuram – 27.3°C
- Chennai – 25.7°C
(ii) June: The two hottest stations are:
- Jodhpur – 33.9°C
- Delhi – 33.3°C
Question 7.3(a). Why does Shillong experience more rainfall than Kolkata?
Answer: Shillong is located at a much higher altitude and is surrounded by the hills of the Meghalaya region. Moisture-laden monsoon winds are forced to rise when they encounter these hills. As the air rises, it cools and condensation occurs, resulting in heavy rainfall.
Kolkata also receives substantial monsoon rainfall, but Shillong's geographical setting and relief favour much heavier rainfall. The annual rainfall given in Table 3.3 is about 225.3 cm at Shillong, compared with about 162.5 cm at Kolkata.
Question 7.3(b). Why does Delhi receive more rainfall than Jodhpur?
Answer: Delhi receives more rainfall because it is reached by the moisture-bearing monsoon winds that travel into northern India. Jodhpur lies farther west in a much drier region, where the monsoon winds have less moisture available to produce rainfall.
The difference is clear from Table 3.3: Delhi receives about 67.0 cm of annual rainfall, whereas Jodhpur receives only about 36.6 cm.
Question 7.4(a). Why does Thiruvananthapuram have an equable climate?
Answer: Thiruvananthapuram is located close to the equator and near the sea. The sea moderates temperature because it heats and cools more slowly than land. As a result, the difference between summer and winter temperatures is relatively small.
The data in Table 3.3 supports this observation. Temperatures at Thiruvananthapuram remain relatively high and show only a small annual range, from about 26.2°C to 28.7°C.
Question 7.4(b). Why does Chennai have more rainfall only after the fury of the monsoon is over in most parts of the country?
Answer: Chennai receives a large part of its rainfall from the north-east or retreating monsoon. During this period, the north-east monsoon winds pass over the Bay of Bengal and pick up moisture before reaching the south-eastern coast.
Therefore, while the south-west monsoon is retreating from most parts of India, Chennai receives substantial rainfall during October and November.
The rainfall data supports this: Chennai receives about 30.6 cm in October and 35.0 cm in November, much higher than during several earlier months.
Question 7.4(c). Why does Leh have moderate precipitation almost throughout the year?
Answer: Leh is located at a very high altitude in the Himalayan region. Its high mountainous setting limits the amount of moisture-bearing monsoon rainfall it receives. It also receives some precipitation from other weather systems during different parts of the year.
The rainfall data in Table 3.3 shows small amounts of precipitation distributed across most months. Its annual rainfall is only about 8.5 cm, showing that the precipitation is limited but spread across much of the year.
Question 7.5. Despite these differences across regions, can you observe any substantial evidence to conclude that the monsoons provide a very strong framework, lending overall climatic unity to the whole country?
Answer: Yes. Despite considerable regional variations in temperature and rainfall, the monsoon provides an important common climatic framework for India.
The arrival, progress, and retreat of the monsoon influence rainfall patterns across a large part of the country. Agriculture, water availability, rivers, reservoirs, employment, transport, festivals, and daily life are closely connected with the monsoon.
The different rainfall patterns of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Shillong, and other stations show regional diversity, but the seasonal rhythm of the monsoon connects these regions within a broader climatic system.
Thus, the monsoon contributes significantly to the overall climatic unity of India.
Question 8. Collect pictures of houses and clothing of people from different regions of India. Examine whether they reflect any relationship with the climatic conditions or the relief of those regions.
Answer: Yes. Houses and clothing in different regions of India often reflect the local climate and relief.
In cold mountainous regions, houses are generally designed to provide protection from low temperatures and snowfall, while people wear woollen and other warm clothing.
In hot regions, houses may have features that allow ventilation and reduce the effect of heat. People often prefer light and loose clothing.
In high-rainfall regions, houses may have sloping roofs so that rainwater can drain quickly.
In flood-prone areas, houses may be raised above the ground to reduce the impact of floodwater.
Thus, local climate, rainfall, temperature, and relief influence the design of houses and the clothing people use.
Additional NCERT Activity – Monsoon and Daily Life
Question. Describe in your own words how monsoon affects the lives of the people around you.
Answer: The monsoon has a major influence on everyday life. Farmers depend on monsoon rainfall for sowing and growing crops. Adequate rainfall helps maintain water in rivers, reservoirs, and wells.
Monsoon rainfall also affects transport, employment, festivals, food production, and water availability. Excessive rainfall can cause floods and damage crops and infrastructure, while weak rainfall can lead to drought and water shortages.
Therefore, the monsoon influences both the economy and the daily life of people.
NCERT Activity – Climate Data Analysis
Question. What broad conclusions can be drawn from the temperature and rainfall data of the ten stations?
Answer: The data shows considerable climatic diversity across India.
- Southern stations such as Thiruvananthapuram have relatively small annual temperature variations.
- Leh has very low winter temperatures and a large annual temperature range.
- Jodhpur has the lowest annual rainfall among the stations listed.
- Shillong has the highest annual rainfall among the stations listed.
- Mumbai receives very heavy rainfall during the south-west monsoon.
- Chennai receives its highest rainfall during October and November.
- Delhi and Jodhpur experience high summer temperatures.
- Altitude, latitude, distance from the sea, relief, and monsoon patterns contribute to the differences among the stations.
NCERT Activity – Climate and Lifestyle
Question. How do climatic conditions influence the lifestyle of people in different parts of India?
Answer: Climatic conditions influence people's clothing, houses, occupations, agriculture, food habits, and daily activities.
People living in cold regions generally require warm clothing and houses designed to retain heat. In areas receiving heavy rainfall, houses often require suitable roofs and drainage arrangements. In hot regions, ventilation becomes important.
Agriculture is also closely related to climate. Areas receiving sufficient monsoon rainfall can support different crops, while dry areas require irrigation or drought-resistant crops.
Thus, climate is closely connected with the way people live and adapt to their surroundings.
Atmosphere and Climate
MCQs
Chapter 3. Atmosphere and Climate
20 Important MCQs
1. The atmosphere is a blanket of air surrounding the:
(a) Moon
(b) Earth
(c) Sun
(d) Mars
2. Which gas forms the largest proportion of the atmosphere?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Argon
3. Approximately what percentage of the atmosphere is nitrogen?
(a) 21%
(b) 78%
(c) 0.04%
(d) 0.93%
4. Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface?
(a) Stratosphere
(b) Mesosphere
(c) Troposphere
(d) Thermosphere
5. Most weather phenomena occur in the:
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Exosphere
6. In which layer of the atmosphere do aeroplanes generally fly?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Lower stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Exosphere
7. Which layer contains the ozone layer that protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Thermosphere
8. Which of the following is an element of weather and climate?
(a) Temperature
(b) Atmospheric pressure
(c) Humidity
(d) All of the above
9. Which are the four main seasons of India?
(a) Winter, Summer, Monsoon and Post-monsoon
(b) Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter
(c) Winter, Spring, Rainy and Autumn
(d) Summer, Autumn, Winter and Monsoon
10. The south-west monsoon generally occurs in India during:
(a) January to March
(b) March to May
(c) June to September
(d) October to December
11. The north-east monsoon is also associated with the:
(a) Retreating monsoon season
(b) Summer season
(c) Winter season only
(d) Spring season
12. Which of the following places receives very heavy rainfall because of orographic effects?
(a) Jodhpur
(b) Shillong
(c) Leh
(d) Delhi
13. Why does Shillong receive more rainfall than Kolkata?
(a) Shillong is closer to the sea
(b) Moist air is forced to rise over the Meghalaya hills
(c) Kolkata has no monsoon
(d) Shillong has a lower latitude
14. Which station among the following receives the least annual rainfall?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Shillong
(c) Leh
(d) Thiruvananthapuram
15. Which of the following stations has an equable climate?
(a) Thiruvananthapuram
(b) Leh
(c) Jodhpur
(d) Delhi
16. Which place receives significant rainfall during the retreating monsoon?
(a) Chennai
(b) Jodhpur
(c) Leh
(d) Delhi
17. Which of the following is the hottest station in February among the given stations?
(a) Leh
(b) Delhi
(c) Thiruvananthapuram
(d) Shillong
18. Which station records the highest temperature in June among the given stations?
(a) Jodhpur
(b) Mumbai
(c) Chennai
(d) Thiruvananthapuram
19. Why does Chennai receive more rainfall after the fury of the south-west monsoon is over in most parts of India?
(a) It receives rainfall from the north-east/retreating monsoon
(b) It is located in the Himalayan region
(c) It receives rainfall only from western disturbances
(d) It is far from the Bay of Bengal
20. The monsoon provides a strong framework of climatic unity to India because:
(a) All parts of India receive the same amount of rainfall
(b) All parts of India have the same temperature
(c) Its seasonal rhythm influences the life, agriculture and economy of the country
(d) India has only one climatic region
Answer Key
1. (b) Earth
2. (c) Nitrogen
3. (b) 78%
4. (c) Troposphere
5. (a) Troposphere
6. (b) Lower stratosphere
7. (b) Stratosphere
8. (d) All of the above
9. (a) Winter, Summer, Monsoon and Post-monsoon
10. (c) June to September
11. (a) Retreating monsoon season
12. (b) Shillong
13. (b) Moist air is forced to rise over the Meghalaya hills
14. (c) Leh
15. (a) Thiruvananthapuram
16. (a) Chennai
17. (c) Thiruvananthapuram
18. (a) Jodhpur
19. (a) It receives rainfall from the north-east/retreating monsoon
20. (c) Its seasonal rhythm influences the life, agriculture and economy of the country
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