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Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

The modern world has become increasingly interconnected through trade, migration, technology, transport, and communication. Globalisation is the result of a long historical process that linked different parts of the world through the exchange of goods, ideas, people, and cultures. This chapter explains the evolution of the global economy, colonialism, industrialisation, and the impact of world events on international trade.

CBSE Notes – Key Points

This section provides important personalities, events, facts, keywords, and exam-oriented points for quick revision.

Important Personalities

• Christopher Columbus
• Vasco da Gama
• Corn Law Reformers
• Rinderpest Researchers
• Henry Ford
• Mahatma Gandhi
• John Maynard Keynes

Important Events

• 1492 – Christopher Columbus reached America.
• 1498 – Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, India.
• 19th Century – Industrial Revolution accelerated global trade.
• 1846 – Repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain.
• 1880s – Spread of Rinderpest in Africa.
• 1914–1918 – First World War.
• 1929 – Great Economic Depression.
• 1939–1945 – Second World War.
• 1944 – Bretton Woods Conference.
• Post-1945 – Expansion of globalisation and international trade.

Important Facts

• Globalisation has a long historical background.
• Silk Routes connected Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
• The discovery of sea routes increased international trade.
• The Industrial Revolution transformed production and trade.
• The Corn Laws protected British agriculture before their repeal.
• Rinderpest devastated African cattle during the nineteenth century.
• The Great Depression affected economies across the world.
• The Bretton Woods System promoted international economic cooperation.

Important Keywords

• Globalisation
• Silk Routes
• Industrial Revolution
• Corn Laws
• Rinderpest
• Indentured Labour
• Great Depression
• Bretton Woods System
• World Economy
• Multinational Trade

Important Concepts

• The Pre-modern World
• Trade and Migration
• Industrialisation
• Colonialism
• Global Economy
• First World War
• Great Depression
• Post-war Globalisation

Exam Important Points

• Features of the pre-modern global world.
• Importance of the Silk Routes.
• Impact of the Industrial Revolution on world trade.
• Causes and effects of the Great Depression.
• Role of indentured labour migration.
• Importance of the Bretton Woods System.
• Difference between pre-modern trade and modern globalisation.

Quick Revision

• 1492 → Columbus reached America.
• 1498 → Vasco da Gama reached India.
• 1846 → Repeal of the Corn Laws.
• 1880s → Spread of Rinderpest in Africa.
• 1914–1918 → First World War.
• 1929 → Great Depression.
• 1939–1945 → Second World War.
• 1944 → Bretton Woods Conference.

Exam Tips

• Remember the important years in chronological order.
• Understand the role of trade, migration, and technology in globalisation.
• Compare the pre-modern world with the modern global economy.
• Learn the causes and consequences of the First World War and the Great Depression.
• Revise important terms such as Silk Routes, Corn Laws, Rinderpest, Indentured Labour, and Bretton Woods.

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Globalisation did not begin in the twentieth century. For centuries, people across different continents were connected through trade, migration, travel, and the exchange of ideas. Early trade routes, exploration, and the movement of people laid the foundation of the modern global world.

Part 1A – The Pre-modern World and Early Global Connections

This part explains the meaning of a global world, the pre-modern world, the Silk Routes, food travels, diseases, and the beginning of overseas exploration.

The Making of a Global World

The global world developed through continuous interaction among different countries over several centuries.

1. Trade connected distant regions of the world.
2. People migrated in search of better opportunities.
3. Ideas, religions, and cultures spread across continents.
4. New technologies improved transport and communication.
5. These developments gradually created a global economy.

The Pre-modern World

Long before modern globalisation, different regions were connected through trade and cultural exchanges.

1. Merchants travelled across Asia, Europe, and Africa.
2. People exchanged goods, knowledge, and traditions.
3. Religious beliefs spread through travelling scholars and missionaries.
4. Trade encouraged cultural interaction among civilizations.
5. These early connections formed the basis of globalisation.

The Silk Routes

The Silk Routes were among the oldest international trade networks in history.

1. They connected Asia with Europe and North Africa.
2. Silk was one of the major products traded along these routes.
3. Spices, textiles, precious metals, and handicrafts were also exchanged.
4. Religious ideas such as Buddhism spread through these routes.
5. The Silk Routes promoted trade as well as cultural exchange.

Role of Trade in the Pre-modern World

Trade played a major role in connecting different parts of the world.

1. Countries exchanged agricultural and manufactured products.
2. Merchants travelled long distances for business.
3. Ports became important centres of commercial activities.
4. Trade increased prosperity in many regions.
5. International economic relations gradually developed.

Food Travels Across the World

The movement of food crops greatly influenced agriculture and daily life in different countries.

1. Potato, maize, tomato, and chilli originated in the Americas.
2. These crops later spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa.
3. New crops improved agricultural production.
4. Food habits changed in many countries.
5. The exchange of crops supported population growth.

Disease and Global Connections

Along with goods and ideas, diseases also spread through trade and travel.

1. The plague spread through trade routes.
2. Diseases affected populations in many regions.
3. Travellers unknowingly carried infectious diseases.
4. Trade sometimes declined because of epidemics.
5. Health became an important concern for societies.

Discovery of New Sea Routes

European explorers searched for new sea routes to expand trade with Asia.

1. Sea routes reduced dependence on overland trade.
2. Long-distance trade became faster and more profitable.
3. European countries expanded overseas exploration.
4. New trading centres emerged along coastal regions.
5. Global commercial activities increased significantly.

Major Explorers

Several European explorers played an important role in connecting different parts of the world.

1. Christopher Columbus reached America in 1492.
2. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, India, in 1498.
3. Their voyages opened new trade routes.
4. European maritime trade expanded rapidly.
5. These explorations marked a new phase in world history.

Importance of Early Global Connections

The early links between different regions prepared the foundation of the modern global world.

1. International trade expanded continuously.
2. People exchanged ideas, culture, and technology.
3. Migration increased across continents.
4. Economic cooperation developed among regions.
5. The process of globalisation gradually accelerated.

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

From the sixteenth century onwards, trade expanded rapidly because of the discovery of new sea routes. European countries established colonies in Asia, Africa, and America, creating new markets and trade networks. These developments connected different parts of the world more closely and laid the foundation for the modern global economy.

Part 1B – Expansion of Trade and the Early Global Economy

This part explains the discovery of America, the role of precious metals, colonial expansion, slavery, indentured labour, and the rise of the nineteenth-century world economy.

The Discovery of America

The discovery of America opened new opportunities for trade and European expansion.

1. Christopher Columbus reached America in 1492.
2. European countries began exploring the New World.
3. Trade between Europe and America increased rapidly.
4. New resources became available to European nations.
5. Colonial settlements expanded across the Americas.

Precious Metals and Trade

Gold and silver played a significant role in the expansion of international trade.

1. Large quantities of gold and silver were obtained from the Americas.
2. European economies became stronger.
3. International trade expanded rapidly.
4. European merchants accumulated enormous wealth.
5. Global commercial activities increased significantly.

Colonial Expansion

European countries established colonies to control trade and natural resources.

1. Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, and the Netherlands built overseas empires.
2. Colonies supplied raw materials to European industries.
3. Finished goods were exported to colonial markets.
4. Colonial rule increased Europe's economic power.
5. Many local economies became dependent on European trade.

Slavery and the Slave Trade

The growth of plantations in the Americas created a huge demand for labour.

1. Millions of Africans were forcibly taken to America as slaves.
2. Slaves worked mainly on sugar, cotton, and tobacco plantations.
3. They lived under harsh and inhuman conditions.
4. The slave trade generated huge profits for European traders.
5. It became an important part of the early global economy.

Indentured Labour Migration

After the abolition of slavery, many workers migrated under the indenture system.

1. Workers signed contracts for a fixed period of employment.
2. Large numbers of Indians migrated to Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad, Guyana, and Suriname.
3. Many worked on sugar and tea plantations.
4. Working and living conditions were often difficult.
5. Indentured labour became an important feature of nineteenth-century migration.

Nineteenth-Century World Economy

Rapid improvements in transport and communication strengthened the global economy.

1. Railways connected production centres with ports.
2. Steamships reduced travel time across oceans.
3. International trade became faster and cheaper.
4. Global markets expanded rapidly.
5. Economic interdependence among countries increased.

The Corn Laws

The Corn Laws protected British farmers by restricting the import of food grains.

1. Imported grain was taxed heavily.
2. Food prices remained high in Britain.
3. Industrial workers demanded cheaper food.
4. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846.
5. The repeal encouraged free trade and increased food imports.

Role of Technology in Global Trade

Scientific and technological developments transformed international trade.

1. Steam engines improved transportation.
2. Railways connected markets across countries.
3. Steamships increased overseas trade.
4. The telegraph made communication much faster.
5. Trade became more efficient and reliable.

Growth of the Global Economy

By the end of the nineteenth century, trade, migration, and investment had connected most parts of the world.

1. International markets expanded rapidly.
2. Movement of goods, capital, and labour increased.
3. Colonial economies became closely linked to Europe.
4. Global trade promoted economic growth in many regions.
5. The modern global economy gradually took shape.

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

By the late nineteenth century, the world economy had become highly interconnected through trade, migration, and technological progress. However, global economic growth also faced serious challenges such as the spread of diseases, the First World War, and the Great Depression. These events greatly affected international trade and the lives of millions of people.

Part 2 – The World Economy, First World War and the Great Depression

This part explains the spread of Rinderpest in Africa, the First World War, the Great Depression, and their impact on the global economy.

Rinderpest in Africa

Rinderpest was a deadly cattle disease that spread rapidly across Africa during the late nineteenth century.

1. The disease entered Africa through infected cattle brought by European armies.
2. Millions of cattle died within a few years.
3. Pastoral communities lost their main source of livelihood.
4. Agricultural production declined significantly.
5. The epidemic caused widespread famine and poverty.
6. European colonial powers increased their control over African societies.

The First World War (1914–1918)

The First World War became one of the most destructive conflicts in modern history and deeply affected the global economy.

1. The war lasted from 1914 to 1918.
2. Many European countries participated in the conflict.
3. Large numbers of soldiers and civilians lost their lives.
4. Industrial production shifted towards war materials.
5. International trade was severely disrupted.
6. Many economies faced heavy financial burdens.

Impact of the First World War

The war changed the political and economic structure of the world.

1. Production of consumer goods declined.
2. Inflation increased in many countries.
3. International trade became unstable.
4. Several European economies accumulated huge debts.
5. The United States emerged as a major economic power.

Post-War Economic Conditions

After the First World War, many countries experienced economic instability.

1. Industrial production slowed down.
2. Unemployment increased.
3. Agricultural prices declined.
4. Many countries depended on foreign loans.
5. Economic recovery remained slow and uncertain.

The Great Depression (1929)

The Great Depression was the most severe economic crisis of the twentieth century.

1. It began in the United States in 1929.
2. The collapse of the stock market triggered the crisis.
3. Banks and industries suffered heavy losses.
4. International trade declined sharply.
5. The depression spread to almost every part of the world.
6. Millions of people lost their jobs.

Causes of the Great Depression

Several economic factors were responsible for the worldwide depression.

1. Overproduction of agricultural and industrial goods.
2. Decline in purchasing power.
3. Fall in international demand.
4. Collapse of financial institutions.
5. Sharp decline in international trade.

Impact of the Great Depression on the World

The Great Depression affected both developed and developing countries.

1. Industrial production declined sharply.
2. Millions of workers became unemployed.
3. International trade contracted significantly.
4. Farmers suffered because of falling prices.
5. Many businesses and banks closed down.

Impact of the Great Depression on India

Although India was under British rule, the Depression had a significant impact on its economy.

1. Agricultural prices fell drastically.
2. Farmers earned much lower incomes.
3. Rural indebtedness increased.
4. Indian exports declined.
5. Many peasants faced severe financial difficulties.
6. The economic crisis increased dissatisfaction with British rule.

Lessons from the Economic Crisis

The experiences of war and depression highlighted the importance of international economic cooperation.

1. Countries realised the need for stable financial systems.
2. Governments increased their role in economic planning.
3. International cooperation became more important.
4. Economic reforms were introduced in many countries.
5. These developments prepared the way for post-war economic reconstruction.

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

After the Second World War, countries realised that international economic cooperation was essential for peace and development. New international institutions were established to rebuild the global economy, promote trade, and prevent future economic crises. These developments accelerated the process of modern globalisation.

Part 3 – The Post-war Economy and Modern Globalisation

This part explains the Bretton Woods System, the role of international institutions, the growth of globalisation, multinational companies, and the impact of globalisation on India and the world.

The Second World War (1939–1945)

The Second World War caused widespread destruction and severely affected the global economy.

1. The war lasted from 1939 to 1945.
2. Many countries suffered heavy economic losses.
3. Industries and infrastructure were destroyed.
4. International trade almost came to a standstill.
5. Millions of people were displaced during the war.

The Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

In 1944, representatives of many countries met at Bretton Woods in the United States to rebuild the world economy.

1. The conference was held in Bretton Woods, USA.
2. Its objective was to ensure global economic stability.
3. It encouraged international monetary cooperation.
4. It promoted reconstruction after the Second World War.
5. It laid the foundation of the post-war international economic system.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund was established to promote financial stability among countries.

1. It provides financial assistance to member countries.
2. It helps maintain stable exchange rates.
3. It encourages international monetary cooperation.
4. It supports countries facing balance of payments problems.
5. It plays an important role in the global financial system.

The World Bank

The World Bank was created to support reconstruction and economic development.

1. It provides loans for development projects.
2. It supports education, health, and infrastructure.
3. It helps reduce poverty in developing countries.
4. It encourages sustainable economic growth.
5. It continues to assist developing nations worldwide.

Decolonisation and Independent Nations

After the Second World War, many Asian and African countries gained independence.

1. Colonial empires gradually declined.
2. Many new nations emerged after independence.
3. Developing countries focused on economic growth.
4. International cooperation increased among newly independent nations.
5. Global trade expanded with the participation of new economies.

Modern Globalisation

Modern globalisation refers to the increasing economic, technological, and cultural integration of countries.

1. International trade expanded rapidly.
2. Advances in technology connected countries more closely.
3. Communication became faster through digital technology.
4. Goods, services, and capital moved more freely across borders.
5. Economic interdependence among nations increased.

Role of Multinational Companies (MNCs)

Multinational companies became major participants in the global economy.

1. They operate in several countries.
2. They invest in manufacturing and services.
3. They create employment opportunities.
4. They promote international trade and investment.
5. They contribute to the transfer of technology.

Impact of Globalisation on India

Globalisation has brought both opportunities and challenges for the Indian economy.

1. Exports and imports have increased.
2. Foreign investment has expanded.
3. Employment opportunities have grown in many sectors.
4. Indian industries face greater international competition.
5. Consumers have access to a wider variety of goods and services.
6. Technology and communication have developed rapidly.

Advantages and Challenges of Globalisation

Globalisation has transformed the world economy, but it has also created several new challenges.

Advantages

1. Expansion of international trade.
2. Faster technological development.
3. Greater employment and investment opportunities.
4. Improved global communication and connectivity.
5. Better availability of goods and services.

Challenges

1. Increasing economic inequality.
2. Strong competition for local industries.
3. Dependence on global markets.
4. Environmental concerns due to rapid industrial growth.
5. Economic crises in one country can affect many others.

Legacy of the Global World

The making of a global world is the result of centuries of trade, migration, technological progress, and international cooperation.

1. Countries are more interconnected than ever before.
2. International organisations support global economic stability.
3. Trade and technology continue to shape the modern economy.
4. Globalisation offers new opportunities as well as challenges.
5. Understanding the history of globalisation helps explain today's interconnected world.

Chapter 3. The Making of a Global World

Assignments for Preparation

Attempt the following Multiple Choice Questions carefully. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The process of increasing economic, cultural, and political connections among countries is known as:

(a) Nationalism
(b) Globalisation
(c) Liberalism
(d) Industrialisation

2. The Silk Routes connected:

(a) Asia, Europe and North Africa
(b) Australia and Europe
(c) North America and Africa
(d) South America and Asia

3. Which explorer reached America in 1492?

(a) Vasco da Gama
(b) Ferdinand Magellan
(c) Christopher Columbus
(d) James Cook

4. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut (India) in:

(a) 1492
(b) 1495
(c) 1498
(d) 1502

5. Which crops originally came from the Americas?

(a) Wheat and Rice
(b) Potato and Maize
(c) Cotton and Tea
(d) Coffee and Sugarcane

6. The Industrial Revolution mainly promoted:

(a) Agricultural decline
(b) Large-scale machine production
(c) Reduction in trade
(d) End of international trade

7. The Corn Laws were introduced to protect:

(a) Indian farmers
(b) British industrial workers
(c) British landlords and farmers
(d) African traders

8. In which year were the Corn Laws repealed in Britain?

(a) 1815
(b) 1846
(c) 1857
(d) 1880

9. Rinderpest was a disease that mainly affected:

(a) Human beings
(b) Cotton crops
(c) Cattle
(d) Wheat plants

10. Rinderpest spread rapidly in:

(a) Europe
(b) Australia
(c) Africa
(d) South America

11. Indentured labourers from India were mainly sent to:

(a) Japan and China
(b) Mauritius and Fiji
(c) Germany and France
(d) Russia and Canada

12. The First World War was fought between:

(a) 1905–1909
(b) 1910–1913
(c) 1914–1918
(d) 1920–1924

13. The Great Depression began in:

(a) 1918
(b) 1925
(c) 1929
(d) 1935

14. The Great Depression first started in:

(a) Britain
(b) Germany
(c) United States of America
(d) France

15. The Bretton Woods Conference was held in:

(a) 1939
(b) 1942
(c) 1944
(d) 1948

16. Which international organisation was established to promote global monetary cooperation?

(a) UNESCO
(b) IMF
(c) WHO
(d) WTO

17. The World Bank mainly provides:

(a) Military assistance
(b) Development loans
(c) Election support
(d) Agricultural seeds

18. Multinational Companies (MNCs) are companies that:

(a) Operate only in one country
(b) Operate in several countries
(c) Manufacture only agricultural products
(d) Belong only to governments

19. Which of the following is an important feature of globalisation?

(a) Decline in international trade
(b) Isolation of economies
(c) Increased movement of goods, services and capital
(d) End of technological development

20. The main objective of the Bretton Woods System was to:

(a) Expand colonial rule
(b) Promote international economic stability and cooperation
(c) End international trade
(d) Increase military alliances

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

1. What is meant by globalisation?

2. What were the Silk Routes?

3. Who discovered the sea route to India in 1498?

4. What were the Corn Laws?

5. What was Rinderpest?

6. What is meant by indentured labour?

7. In which year did the First World War begin?

8. In which year did the Great Depression begin?

9. What was the Bretton Woods Conference?

10. Name the two institutions established under the Bretton Woods System.

11. What is meant by a multinational company (MNC)?

12. Name any one crop that travelled from the Americas to the rest of the world.

13. Why were steamships important for world trade?

14. Name any one country where Indian indentured labourers were sent.

15. What was the main objective of the Bretton Woods System?

Short Answer Questions (2–3 Marks)

1. Explain the importance of the Silk Routes in the pre-modern world.

2. Describe any three factors that connected different parts of the world before modern globalisation.

3. Explain the role of Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama in expanding global trade.

4. What were the Corn Laws? Why were they repealed?

5. Explain the causes and effects of the spread of Rinderpest in Africa.

6. What is meant by indentured labour? Why did many Indians migrate under this system?

7. Explain any three economic consequences of the First World War.

8. Describe the major causes of the Great Depression.

9. Explain the objectives of the Bretton Woods Conference.

10. How has globalisation affected the Indian economy? Give any three points.

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. Explain how trade, migration, and the exchange of ideas helped in the making of a global world.

2. Describe the importance of the Silk Routes in promoting trade and cultural exchange.

3. Explain the features of the nineteenth-century world economy.

4. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Great Depression of 1929.

5. Explain the impact of the First World War on the global economy.

6. Describe the Bretton Woods System and explain the functions of the IMF and the World Bank.

7. Explain the role of technology and transport in the growth of globalisation.

8. "Globalisation has created both opportunities and challenges." Justify the statement with suitable examples.

Assertion and Reason Questions

1.
Assertion (A): The Silk Routes connected Asia with Europe and North Africa.
Reason (R): They promoted trade as well as cultural exchange among different regions.

2.
Assertion (A): The discovery of sea routes increased international trade.
Reason (R): Sea routes reduced travel time and transportation costs.

3.
Assertion (A): The Corn Laws protected British agriculture.
Reason (R): They imposed heavy duties on imported food grains.

4.
Assertion (A): Rinderpest had a severe impact on African economies.
Reason (R): The disease destroyed millions of cattle.

5.
Assertion (A): Indentured labour replaced slavery in many colonies.
Reason (R): Workers were employed under fixed-term contracts.

6.
Assertion (A): The First World War disrupted international trade.
Reason (R): Many industries shifted their production to war materials.

7.
Assertion (A): The Great Depression affected only the United States.
Reason (R): International trade connected economies across the world.

8.
Assertion (A): The Bretton Woods Conference promoted international economic cooperation.
Reason (R): It led to the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

9.
Assertion (A): Multinational companies operate in several countries.
Reason (R): They invest in production, trade, and services across national boundaries.

10.
Assertion (A): Globalisation has increased economic interdependence among countries.
Reason (R): Trade, technology, and communication have connected world economies.

Case-Based Questions

Case Study 1

The Silk Routes connected Asia, Europe, and North Africa for centuries. Along these routes, merchants exchanged silk, spices, precious metals, textiles, ideas, religions, and technologies, making them one of the earliest examples of global connections.

1. Which continents were connected by the Silk Routes?

2. Name any two goods traded through the Silk Routes.

3. Explain one cultural impact of the Silk Routes.

Case Study 2

European explorers searched for new sea routes to Asia. The voyages of Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama opened new trade routes and encouraged European colonial expansion.

1. Who reached America in 1492?

2. Who reached Calicut in 1498?

3. How did these voyages influence world trade?

Case Study 3

During the nineteenth century, improvements in railways, steamships, and communication expanded international trade. Goods, capital, and labour moved more rapidly across the world.

1. Name any two technological developments that improved trade.

2. How did steamships benefit international trade?

3. Explain one feature of the nineteenth-century world economy.

Case Study 4

The Great Depression of 1929 became the most severe economic crisis of the twentieth century. Production declined, unemployment increased, and international trade collapsed in many countries.

1. In which year did the Great Depression begin?

2. Mention any two effects of the Great Depression.

3. How did the Depression affect India?

Case Study 5

After the Second World War, countries met at Bretton Woods to establish a stable international economic system. The IMF and the World Bank were created to promote economic cooperation and development.

1. In which year was the Bretton Woods Conference held?

2. Name the two institutions established after the conference.

3. State one function of the IMF or the World Bank.

Source-Based Questions

Source 1

"The Silk Routes were a network of trade routes that connected Asia with Europe and North Africa. Besides trade, they also encouraged the exchange of ideas, religions, languages, and cultures."

1. What were the Silk Routes?

2. Name any two products traded through these routes.

3. Mention one cultural contribution of the Silk Routes.

Source 2

"The discovery of new sea routes transformed world trade. European explorers established direct maritime links with Asia and the Americas."

1. Name the explorer who reached India in 1498.

2. Why were sea routes important for trade?

3. How did these discoveries encourage colonial expansion?

Source 3

"The Great Depression caused a sharp decline in production, employment, and international trade. Its effects were felt across both developed and developing countries."

1. In which year did the Great Depression begin?

2. Mention any two effects of the Depression.

3. Explain one impact on India.

Source 4

"The Bretton Woods Conference established institutions to promote international monetary cooperation and economic development after the Second World War."

1. Which conference is referred to in the source?

2. Name the two institutions established under this system.

3. State one objective of the Bretton Woods System.

Source 5

"Modern globalisation has increased the movement of goods, services, capital, technology, and information across national borders."

1. What is meant by globalisation?

2. Mention any two features of modern globalisation.

3. Explain one advantage of globalisation.

Competency-Based Questions

1. Explain how the Silk Routes contributed to the making of a global world.

2. Why did the discovery of sea routes change international trade?

3. Explain the importance of technological developments in expanding global trade.

4. How did indentured labour contribute to the growth of the global economy?

5. Why is the Great Depression considered a global economic crisis?

6. Explain how the First World War affected international trade.

7. Why was the Bretton Woods System necessary after the Second World War?

8. Explain the role of multinational companies in modern globalisation.

9. How has globalisation changed the Indian economy?

10. Explain how trade, migration, and technology are interconnected in the process of globalisation.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. "Globalisation is the result of centuries of historical developments." Justify the statement.

2. If the Silk Routes had never existed, how might world history have been different?

3. Was the Industrial Revolution more important than the discovery of sea routes in creating a global economy? Give reasons.

4. Why did the Great Depression spread so rapidly across different countries?

5. Explain how improvements in transport and communication accelerated globalisation.

6. "Every economic crisis teaches important lessons." Explain with reference to the Great Depression.

7. Evaluate the importance of the Bretton Woods System in maintaining global economic stability.

8. Discuss both the positive and negative effects of globalisation on developing countries.

9. Why do countries today depend on one another more than in the past?

10. Explain how history helps us understand the modern global economy.

Map-Based Questions

1. Locate and label the Silk Route on the outline map of Asia and Europe.

2. Locate and label Calicut (Kozhikode), India.

3. Locate and label Bretton Woods (USA).

4. Locate and label the continent of Africa.

5. Locate and label the United States of America.

Chronology / Timeline Questions

1. Arrange the following events in chronological order:
Discovery of America, Vasco da Gama reaches India, First World War, Great Depression.

2. Arrange the following events in chronological order:
Repeal of the Corn Laws, First World War, Bretton Woods Conference, Second World War.

3. Write the correct year for each event:
(a) Discovery of America
(b) Vasco da Gama reaches India
(c) Great Depression
(d) Bretton Woods Conference

4. Prepare a timeline showing the major events from 1492 to 1944.

5. Which event occurred first and which occurred last?
Discovery of America, Repeal of the Corn Laws, Great Depression, Bretton Woods Conference.

Match the Following

1.

Column A	Column B
Christopher Columbus	America
Vasco da Gama	Calicut
Rinderpest	Cattle Disease
Bretton Woods	IMF & World Bank
Great Depression	1929

2. Match the following terms with their correct descriptions.

Term	Description
Silk Routes	Ancient Trade Network
Corn Laws	Protection of British Agriculture
Indentured Labour	Contract Labour System
IMF	International Monetary Cooperation
World Bank	Development Loans

Identify the Personality

1. I reached America in 1492 while searching for a sea route to Asia. Who am I?

2. I reached Calicut, India, in 1498 through a new sea route. Who am I?

3. My economic ideas greatly influenced post-war reconstruction and the Bretton Woods System. Who am I?

4. I introduced mass production through the assembly line in modern industries. Who am I?

5. I led India's freedom movement through non-violence and inspired anti-colonial struggles across the world. Who am I?

Answer Key

Multiple Choice Questions

Question	Answer
1	(b) Globalisation
2	(a) Asia, Europe and North Africa
3	(c) Christopher Columbus
4	(c) 1498
5	(b) Potato and Maize
6	(b) Large-scale machine production
7	(c) British landlords and farmers
8	(b) 1846
9	(c) Cattle
10	(c) Africa
11	(b) Mauritius and Fiji
12	(c) 1914–1918
13	(c) 1929
14	(c) United States of America
15	(c) 1944
16	(b) IMF
17	(b) Development loans
18	(b) Operate in several countries
19	(c) Increased movement of goods, services and capital
20	(b) Promote international economic stability and cooperation

Assertion and Reason Questions

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
3. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
5. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
7. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
8. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
9. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
10. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Match the Following – Set 1

Column A	Correct Match
Christopher Columbus	America
Vasco da Gama	Calicut
Rinderpest	Cattle Disease
Bretton Woods	IMF & World Bank
Great Depression	1929

Match the Following – Set 2

Term	Correct Match
Silk Routes	Ancient Trade Network
Corn Laws	Protection of British Agriculture
Indentured Labour	Contract Labour System
IMF	International Monetary Cooperation
World Bank	Development Loans

Identify the Personality

1. Christopher Columbus
2. Vasco da Gama
3. John Maynard Keynes
4. Henry Ford
5. Mahatma Gandhi