Chapter - Rerview:

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• The division and formation of Pakistan has led to the migration of approximately 8 million refugees, who have nowhere to live, no food, and no way to make a living. 

• There were about 500 princes headed by Nawab or the Maharaja that needed to be persuaded. 

• The development of the political system is the need of the times to meet the needs of the people.

• Among the 345 million residents, discrimination between upper and lower castes was very prominent. 

• Discrimination based on religion, language, eating habits, etc. still exists. 

• Unifying all these people under one country was a difficult task. 

• The development of rural areas and an agriculture-based economy was another issue that needs to be solved urgently. Poverty not only existed in villages, but was also in cities. Many workers live in slums and have no access to health care, education, etc. 

• The Constitution proposes three thematic lists, the Union List is the first of them. Tax, defense and foreign affairs are listed here as exclusive core responsibilities. 

• The list of countries followed closely, mainly responsible for health and education. 

• The concurrent list is the last list that requires the center and states to participate in agriculture, forestry, and other fields. 

• Although there are many contributors to the formulation of the Constitution, the contribution of Dr. BR Ambedkar cannot be ignored. He is the chairman of the drafting committee and is responsible for overseeing the comprehensive formulation of the constitution. 

• The concept of "one person, one vote, one value" has become obvious and exists in the political structure of India.

• The Planning Committee was established in 1950. Its main responsibility is to formulate policies that are conducive to economic development in accordance with the "mixed economy" model. The private and public sectors work together in this regard, thereby increasing productivity and creating more jobs. 

• The Planning Commission formulated a five-year plan. The first five-year plan was extended between 1951 and 1956 with a budget of Rs. 20.69 billion rupees. The plan mainly focuses on agriculture, energy, irrigation, transportation and communications, social services, industry, and rehabilitation of land-lost farmers. 2.1% is the target growth rate, reaching 3.6%. 

• The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1956-1961) deals primarily with rapid industrialization. rupee. With an investment of 48 billion yuan, other fields such as electricity and water conservation, transportation and communications have also received attention. 

• The solution is to increase agricultural productivity, create employment opportunities, and promote employment so that the unit and development attach equal importance. 

• As in 2020, India celebrates the 73rd anniversary of its independence from British slavery. Maintaining unity in diversity and becoming the world’s largest democracy are two things that indigenous peoples are proud of. 

• So far, India has held 17 general elections. 

• The country has a free press and an independent judiciary. 

• Although languages, beliefs, religions and cultures are different, although many people are skeptical, this country remains united. 

• The problem of the untouchables has not been completely eradicated. 

• Discrimination between rich and poor is on the rise. 

• Although the Constitution emphasizes equality, it seems to be less and less in reality.

12. India after Independence:

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Que: Name the three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced?

Ans: 

(i) The 8 million refugees come from the Pakistan

(ii) In that time India is divided into many parts ruled by Nawabs and maharajas, and each of

them had to be persuaded to join the new nation.

(iii) The new nation had to adopt a political system that would best serve the hopes and aspirations

Of the people.

Que: What was the role of the planning commission ?

Ans: The planning commission helped design and execute suitable policies for economic development.

Que: Fill in the blanks.

(a) Subject that were placed on the union list were ……………., ………………. and ………………….

(b) subjects on the concurrent list were ………..... and …………….. .

(c) economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a …………… model.

(d) the death of …………… sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give

Ans:

(a) taxes, defence and foreign affairs.

(b) forest and agriculture.

(c) Mixed - economy.

(d) Potti Sriramulu.

Que: State whether true or false:

(a) At independence, the majority of Indians lived in village.

(b) the constituent Assembly was made up of members of the congress party.

(c) in the first national election , only men were allowed to vote.

(d) the second fine year plan focused on the development of heavy industry.

Ans: 

(a) true

(b) false

(c) false

(d) true

Que: What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that “ In politics we will have equality and  in social  and economic life we will have inequality” ?

Ans:  Ambedkar (1891 - 1956) wanted to say that providing voting right to the lower caste people would not remove other inequalities such as between rich and poor ,or between upper castes and lower castes. These classes of people could be labelled equal only politically but in reality it could not be possible due to or social and economic structure.

Que: After Independence, why was there reluctance to divide the country on leguistic time?

Ans: India got at the cost of its division. This division had been done on the basis of religion. As a result of the division, more than the million people had been killed in riots between Hindus and Muslims.

Que: Give one reason why English continued to be used in India After independence?

Ans: English continued to be use in India after Independence because South Indian states expressed Strong opposition to Hindi.

Additional Question:

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Que: The Nation: New and Divided?

Ans:

• The division and formation of Pakistan has led to the migration of approximately 8 million refugees, who have nowhere to live, no food, and no way to make a living. 

• There were about 500 princes headed by Nawab or the Maharaja that needed to be persuaded. 

• The development of the political system is the need of the times to meet the needs of the people.

• Among the 345 million residents, discrimination between upper and lower castes was very prominent. 

• Discrimination based on religion, language, eating habits, etc. still exists. 

• Unifying all these people under one country was a difficult task. 

• The development of rural areas and an agriculture-based economy was another issue that needs to be solved urgently. Poverty not only existed in villages, but was also in cities. Many workers live in slums and have no access to health care, education, etc. 

​Que: What is The Birth of the Constitution?

Ans: 

• The Constitution of India was formulated in 34 years after much discussion and cooperation between political parties and was finally approved on January 26, 1950. The Constitution of India has some outstanding features, which are adapted from the constitutions of other countries in the world. 

• Under the Constitution, any Indian who is 21 years of age or older can participate in state and national elections. 

• The Constitution guarantees that the law is the same for all people in all countries, regardless of their caste, religion, belief, etc. 

• "The poorest and most disadvantaged Indians" deserve special privileges. 

•  Untouchables are abolished and a series of new proposals are offered to people belonging to lower castes. They are allowed into temples that have long been reserved for high-caste Hindus, seats reserved for low-caste people in the legislature, etc. 

• This reservation also applies to "adivasis" or predetermined tribes and castes. The constitution promises that everyone, including the untouchables (or they are called harijans), have access to education and health services. 

• There are many differences of opinion about the power of the central government and the development of the country. Some people advocate a "strong center", while others advocate autonomy and freedom for the provinces. The Constituent Assembly considered all opinions and proposed some solutions. 

Que: What is The State Formation?

Ans:

• The Indian National Assembly pledged to develop the states according to the language background. However, religious divisions have led to riots between Hindus and Muslims, so ministers such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel opposed the developing provinces supported by language groups. 

• But many parts of the country opposed this decision, especially during the Madras presidency, because the people there wanted to establish a separate Andhra Pradesh for Telugu speakers. 

• Potti Sriramulu, a Gandhi veteran, started fasting in Andhra Pradesh and died after fasting for 58 days. Finally, Andhra Pradesh was born as a state of India on October 1, 1953. 

• But this has actually led to more similar demands from other provinces and language communities. In order to solve this problem, a national reorganization committee was established. They proposed an idea to develop Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Assamese, Oriya, and Ka Different provinces in Nada, and re-delineated borders.

​Que: Which kind of Changes After Independence: India Today?

Ans:

• As in 2020, India celebrates the 73rd anniversary of its independence from British slavery. Maintaining unity in diversity and becoming the world’s largest democracy are two things that indigenous peoples are proud of. 

• So far, India has held 17 general elections. 

• The country has a free press and an independent judiciary. 

• Although languages, beliefs, religions and cultures are different, although many people are skeptical, this country remains united. 

• The problem of the untouchables has not been completely eradicated. 

• Discrimination between rich and poor is on the rise. 

• Although the Constitution emphasizes equality, it seems to be less and less in reality.​