Chapter - Rerview:

• In the period between 1850 and 1880, many political organizations were made. These organizations had numerous well-educated people who knew the pain of being controlled. Some of these renowned political organizations of that period were Indian National Congress, Poona Sarvajanik sabha, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association and many others.

• The Arms Act was made in the year 1878.

• The infamous Vernacular Press Act was made by Lord Lytton and it was passed in the year 1878 to suppress the Indian Press who criticised the government & its various actions.

• Efforts of British Raj to introduce another infamous act was called as Ilbert Bill also led to the development of the national movement in the country. The British Govt. was compelled to withdraw the bill amidst mass protest.

• Formation of the Indian National Congress brought about a very systematic way to move against the British Raj. Some of the founding members of Indian National Congress were Dadabhai Naoroji, W.C. Bannerjee, R.C. Dutt etc.

• The Primary Demands of INC were as follows-

• According to historians, Congress was considered to be ‘moderate’ in its approach and methods. Their demands included the following:

• The primary demand of INC (Indian National Congress) was to make the Legislative Councils more representative to indians and give them more power.

• Indians should also be designated to higher ranks in government services. In earlier periods of time, civil service examinations were only held in London and not in india. INC claimed that the said examination should be held in India as well.

• The administration should be Indianised.

• The judiciary must also be separated from the executive.

• Freedom of speech & repeal of the Arms Act were the other demands of Congress.

• In the area of economy, curtailment of revenue, Reduction of military expenditure and more funds to irrigation were basic demands.

• Resolutions were also passed in the annual meeting of INC regarding the Salt Tax, Handling of Indian labourers abroad and the poor condition of the forest dwellers.

• The criticism of Britishers was carried out through speeches of the political leaders of INC and the representatives of INC had reached in every nuke and corner of the country to drum up public opinion.

• The method of political bargaining of the INC was criticised by some leaders after the year 1890. Major opponents of INC were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, B.C. Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and others. More radical objectives & methods were supported by them.

• The British Govt. also played a divide and rule policy to neutralize the Bengali leaders by partitioning Bengal into two parts. It was opposed by the leaders of INC. The movement against the partition of Bengal is called as the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadeshi Movement is of immense historical significance.

•  The Swadeshi Movement also brought the idea of boycotting the British products by promoting the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education etc. An idea of revolutionary violence was then realized to give an end to British rule in India.

• Congress was later split in the year 1907 by opposing the idea of a boycott. INC was separated into two parts namely Moderates and Extremists.

• INC was reunited then in 1915 session and signed the famous Lucknow Pact with the Muslim League in the year 1916.

Chapter 9. The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947s

Que: Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s- 1880s?

Ans: People were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s- 1880s due to the following reasons :

(i) The British passed the Arms Act in 1878 which disallowed Indians from possessing arms.

(ii) In the same year they passed the Vernacular Press Act This act snatched the freedom of speech and expression. It allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspaper including their printing presses if the newspaper published anything that was critical of the government.

(iii) In 1883, the Ilbert bill was introduced. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country but the white opposition force the Government to withdraw the bill.

Que: Who did the Indian national congress wish to speak for?

Ans: The Indian national congress wish to speak for the entire people belong to different communities of India.

Que: What economic impact did the first world war have on India?

Ans:  The first world war led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of India. The Government inturn increased taxes on individual income and business profit.

Increased military expenditure and the demands fo5r war supplies led to the sharp rise in prices which badly affected the common mass they found it difficult to fulfill even there essential needs.

The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth rail and cause a decline of imports from other countries into India.

Que: What did the Muslim league resolution of 1940 ask for?

Ans: The Muslim league resolution of 1940 asked for independent states for Muslims in the north western and eastern area of the country.

Que: Who were moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

Ans: Moderates were against violence. They had deep faith in the good intention of the government. They were of the opinion that slowly and steadily they would make the british to go their own land.

Additional - Question:

Que: What is The Reasons Behind Indian National Movement

Ans: The reasons behind the growth Indian National Movement the country are -

• In the period between 1850 and 1880, many political organizations were made. These organizations had numerous well-educated people who knew the pain of being controlled. Some of these renowned political organizations of that period were Indian National Congress, Poona Sarvajanik sabha, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association and many others.

• The Arms Act was made in the year 1878.

• The infamous Vernacular Press Act was made by Lord Lytton and it was passed in the year 1878 to suppress the Indian Press who criticised the government & its various actions.

• Efforts of British Raj to introduce another infamous act was called as Ilbert Bill also led to the development of the national movement in the country. The British Govt. was compelled to withdraw the bill amidst mass protest.

• Formation of the Indian National Congress brought about a very systematic way to move against the British Raj. Some of the founding members of Indian National Congress were Dadabhai Naoroji, W.C. Bannerjee, R.C. Dutt etc.

• The Primary Demands of INC were as follows-

• According to historians, Congress was considered to be ‘moderate’ in its approach and methods. Their demands included the following:

• The primary demand of INC (Indian National Congress) was to make the Legislative Councils more representative to indians and give them more power.

• Indians should also be designated to higher ranks in government services. In earlier periods of time, civil service examinations were only held in London and not in india. INC claimed that the said examination should be held in India as well.

• The administration should be Indianised.

• The judiciary must also be separated from the executive.

​Que: Rising of a New Notion – “Freedom is our Birthright’

Ans:

• The method of political bargaining of the INC was criticised by some leaders after the year 1890. Major opponents of INC were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, B.C. Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and others. More radical objectives & methods were supported by them.

• The British Govt. also played a divide and rule policy to neutralize the Bengali leaders by partitioning Bengal into two parts. It was opposed by the leaders of INC. The movement against the partition of Bengal is called as the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadeshi Movement is of immense historical significance.

• The Swadeshi Movement also brought the idea of boycotting the British products by promoting the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education etc. An idea of revolutionary violence was then realized to give an end to British rule in India.

• Congress was later split in the year 1907 by opposing the idea of a boycott. INC was separated into two parts namely Moderates and Extremists.

• INC was reunited then in 1915 session and signed the famous Lucknow Pact with the Muslim League in the year 1916.

​Que: The Growth of Mass Nationalism?

Ans: After 1919, the unfortunate struggle against Britain rule simultaneously formed into a mass movement. This movement consisted of tribals, students, peasants, and women, in abundance. In some circumstances, these movements also comprise factory workers. After World War I took place, India’s political and economic situation was drastically disrupted. This thus led to an extreme rise in the Indian Government’s defence expenditure. Moreover, even individual income taxes and business profit taxes were increased. Students will learn more about everything that went down after World War I in India.

• The Advent of Mahatma Gandhi:

Mahatma Gandhi was known as a mass leader. He reached India in 1915 from South Africa. He then established non-violent protests against different racial restrictions.
 

• The Rowlatt Satyagraha:

In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi called for a satyagraha movement against the Rowlatt act. This act prohibited the fundamental rights of Indians like freedom of expression and even strengthened the police powers. 

Along with these topics, students will learn thoroughly about topics mentioned below- 

• Khilafat agitation and the Non-cooperation Movement 

• People’s Initiatives

• The People’s Mahatma 

• The happenings of 1922-1929