Write in brief : 

Q1. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.

Answer: (1) The city of London was a powerful magnetfor migrant population.

(2) According to Gareth Stedman Jones, it was city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of growing number of semi-skilled and sweatened out workers; of soldiers and servants; of causal labourers, street sellers and beggar.

(3) Five major type industries employed large numbers i.e., clothing and footwear, wood and furnitur, metals and engineering, printing and stationary and precision products. Such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals.

(4) During the First World War London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased. It created more job opportunities.

Q2. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century? Explain the factors which led to this change.

Answer: (1) With technological development, women lost their industrial jobs and had to take up work within households jobs.

(2) The 1861 census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them were recent migrants.

(3) A large of women used their homesto increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing etc.

(4) Women of London during 20th century took up tailoring, washing, matchbox making etc. However, there was a change once again in the 20th century.

(5) As women got employed in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic services.  

Q3. How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following?
Illustrate with historical examples.
a) A private landlord
b) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order
c) A leader of a political party

Answer: (1) A private landlord: He benefits from the large urban poupaltion, as the people who have migrated into the city don't have homes to live in. Therefore, private landlord will built a public living place, put its room on high rent, and make untold profits from his land.

(2) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order: A policeman would have lot of things to do. The migrate to the city, would of course increase the pressure on law and order siotuation. Sometimes, they would aspire to fulfil their political ambitions by rebelling against the industrialists. For example- Land Dockyard workers' strike. Therefore, policeman would have to be extra cautions.

(3) A leader of a political party: He would enjoy the good times. He would also have a good opportunity of serving the people of labour community or the middle classes. For example, jobbers of cotton mills in Bombay.

Q4. Give explanations for the following:
a) Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the
nineteenth century.
b) Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.
c) What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century.

Answer: (1) Well of Londeners supported the need to build housing for the poor because:

(i) Vast mass of one room house, occupied by the poor, were seen as a threat to public health. They were over crowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.

(ii) There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.

(iii) There was fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution of 1917.

(2) 

Discuss : 

Q1. What forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure activities for the people.
Q2. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the Underground railway. Why was the development of the Underground criticised?
Q3. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view.
Q4. To what extent does government regulation and new laws solve problems of pollution? Discuss one example each of the success and failure of legislation to change the quality of a) public life b) private life

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