Diversity: All living beings are different in one way or another.

 On the basis of a residence, based on a shape, such as - a superfine  bacteria and on the other hand, 30-meter-long whale or large tree, life, based on method of energy intake varies depending on the organisms. These differences in species are called diversity.

The benefits of the Classification: 

(I) It makes easy the biological study of evolution. 

(Ii) It also makes easy to understand the particular characteristics of organisms.

(Iii) It helps to identify organisms. 

(Iv) It to establish the relationship between the different groups of organisms.

(V) It can be got information of all living organisms of the group to study only about an organism. 

The Basis of Classification: 

(I) Organisms are included in a group on the basis of their similarities and excluded on the basis of differences.

(Ii)  The first classification of organisms is based on cellular structure and function of organisms.

(Iii) such as then - organisms are classified into unicellular and multicellular organisms, the cell walls of the organism and the organisms without cell walls or photosynthetic organisms and photosynthesis by organisms that are not excluded.

Classification and organic growth:

All living organism identified on the basis of their physical structure and function, and they are classified. Some symptoms of physical texture than other symptoms make changes. This time is also very important role. So when there is no physical structure existed, so many changes in the body that affect later.

Original symptoms:  physical appearance, during which symptoms first

appear, they are known as the original symptoms.

Evolutions: the constant changes in organisms is still in the process due to the changes that were necessary for their better life. For better living organisms, i.e. those who must change is the changes in life that change is called a bio-development.

Evolution's concept: in organisms from time to time changes to their better living conditions, which is why a new life retains its survival, that is evolution. This concept of evolution is given by Charles Darwin in 1859, his first book, "The Origins of species" given.

Type of Organism on the basis of the concept of evolution: 

(1) Primitive Organisms: The physical structure of some organism groups Since ancient times there has been no significant change. Such organisms are called primitive organisms.  

(2) Advanced or higher organism: Some substantial changes in the physical structures of the organism's groups are visible. They are called advanced (Advanced) organisms.

Five kingdoms submitted by Whitaker are: 

1. Monera (Monera) 

2. protista (Protista)

3. fungi (Fungi)

4. Plant (Plantae) 

5. Animalia (Animalia) 

1. Monera  (Monera Kingdom):

The Features of Monera Kingdm: 

(I) They have not organized nucleus and cell organalles.

(Ii) They are not multicellular.

(Iii) Some of them have cell walls and some organisms have not.

(Iv) They have Prokaryotic cells.

(V) These can be both autotropic or heterotropic.

Examples: bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma, etc. 

2. Protista  (Protista Kingdom): 

The Features of Protista Kingdom: 

(I) The organisms of this kingdom are unicellular eukaryotic.

(Ii) Some organisms have the cilia and flagella like structure for the moving around. 

(Iii) They are both autotrophic and heterotropic.

Example: unicellular algae, and protozoa etc

3. Fungi  (Fungi Kingdom): 

The Features of Fungi Kingdom: 

(I) These organisms are heterotropic eukaryotic.

(Ii) They are saprophytes which take food by dead and decay carbonic substances.

(Iii) many of these organisms are multicellular capability.

(Iv) They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called Chitin.

Example: yeast and mushrooms.

 

4. Plantae (Plantae Kingdom): 

Features of Plantae Kingdom:

(I) They have cell walls.

(Ii) They are multicelluar Eukaryotes organisms.

(Iii) They are autotrophic organisms and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

(Iv) All green plants are placed in this category.

The classification of Planate organisms: 

The organism of Plantae kingdom are classified on following basis: 

(I) Whether the plant body has well-differentiated, distinct component or not.

(Ii) Whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transportation (conductive tissue) of water and other substances within it.

(Iii) The ability to bear seeds and 

(Iv) Whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits.

Plantae Kingdom is categorised into five groups:  

(1) Thallophyta Group

(2) Bryophyta Group

(3) Pteridophyta Group

(4) Gymnosperm Group

(5) Angiosperm Group

Thalofaita group of organisms of the properties:

(i)  Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in this group.

(ii)  The plants in this group are commonly called algae.

(iii)  These are aquatic plants. 

Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara

Brayofaita group of organisms of the properties:

(i)  These plants are both aquatic and teristetial so this group is called the amphibian of plant kingdom.

(ii)  The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures.

(iii)  There is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.

(iv)  Examples are moss (Funaria) and Marchantia

The features of Pteridophyta:

(i)   The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.

(ii)  It has specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances.

(iii) Examples are Marsilea, ferns and horse-tails.

(iv) It has naked embryos that are called spores.

(v)  The reproductive organs of plants in all these three groups are very inconspicuous.

The features of Gymnosperms: 

(i)  This group bear naked seeds.

(ii)  These are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.

(iii) Examples – Pines such as Deodar , and Cycas. 

 The features of Angiosperms:

(i) The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit.

(ii) These are also called flowering plants.

(iii) plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.

Cryptogamae:
These types of plants have necked embryos that are called spore and they are not able to produce seeds. So these are called Cryptogamae. 

Example: Thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes. 

Phanerogams: Plants with well-differentiated reproductive tissues that
ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. Seeds are the result of the reproductive process. They consist of the embryo along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the embryo during germination.

Examples: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms etc. 

Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: 

Gymnosperms	Angiosperms
1. They produce naked seed . 2. These are usually woody plants and perennial evergreen.  3. They have not cotyledons.  4. Example: Pinus and Cycas (Deodar) etc. |	1. They produce seeds within the fruits. 2. They are flowering plants. 3. Their seeds have cotyledons.  4. Example: Paphiopedilum (Monocots) and Aipomia (Dicots) |

 

Endogen and dicotyledonous difference:

Endogen	Two endogen
1. It is a cotyledon | 2. Example: Pefiopedilm	1. It consists of two cotyledons | 2. Example: Aipomia

Pteridophyta and Fanrogam difference: 
Pteridophyta -
1. They do not have the ability to produce seeds. 
2. They have indirect genitalia. 

3. Example: Pteridophyata.  

Fanrogam - 
1. After regenerating process they produce seeds.  
2. Reproductive tissues are fully grown or developed. 

3. Example, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. 

3. Example: Jimnosprm and Anjiosprm |

Spore (Spore): The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores.